Amortization: Repayment of a mortgage loan through monthly installments of principal and interest; the monthly payment amount is based on a schedule that will allow you to own your home at the end of a specific time period (for example, 15 or 30 years)
Annual Percentage Rate (APR): Calculated by using a standard formula, the APR shows the cost of a loan; expressed as a yearly interest rate, it includes the interest, points, mortgage insurance, and other fees associated with the loan.
ARM: Adjustable Rate Mortgage; a mortgage loan subject to changes in interest rates; when rates change, ARM monthly payments increase or decrease at intervals determined by the lender; the Change in monthly -payment amount, however, is usually subject to a Cap.
Bankruptcy: A federal law whereby a person's assets are turned over to a trustee and used to pay off outstanding debts; this usually occurs when someone owes more than they have the ability to repay.
Borrower: A person who has been approved to receive a loan and is then obligated to repay it and any additional fees according to the loan terms.
Credit history: History of an individual's debt payment; lenders use this information to gauge a potential borrower's ability to repay a loan.
Credit report: A record that lists all past and present debts and the timeliness of their repayment; it documents an individual's credit history.
Debt-to-income ratio (DTI): A comparison of gross income to housing and non-housing expenses; With the FHA, the-monthly mortgage payment should be no more than 29% of monthly gross income (before taxes) and the mortgage payment combined with non-housing debts should not exceed 41% of income.
Deed-in-lieu: To avoid foreclosure ("in lieu" of foreclosure), a deed is given to the lender to fulfill the obligation to repay the debt; this process doesn't allow the borrower to remain in the house but helps avoid the costs, time, and effort associated with foreclosure.
Delinquency: Failure of a borrower to make timely mortgage payments under a loan agreement.
Equity: An owner's financial interest in a property; calculated by subtracting the amount still owed on the mortgage loon(s) from the fair market value of the property.
Fair market value: The hypothetical price that a willing buyer and seller will agree upon when they are acting freely, carefully, and with complete knowledge of the situation.
Fixed-rate mortgage: A mortgage with payments that remain the same throughout the life of the loan because the interest rate and other terms are fixed and do not change.
Foreclosure: A legal process in which mortgaged property is sold to pay the loan of the defaulting borrower.
Forbearance: A loss mitigation option where the lender arranges a revised repayment plan for the borrower that may include a temporary reduction or suspension of monthly loan payments.
Government Sponsored Enterprises (GSE): The government sponsored enterprises (GSEs) are a group of financial services corporations created by the United States Congress. Their function is to enhance the flow of credit to targeted sectors of the economy and to make those segments of the capital market more efficient and transparent. The desired effect of the GSEs is to enhance the availability and reduce the cost of credit to the targeted borrowing sectors: agriculture, home finance and education.
Good faith estimate (GFE): An estimate of all closing fees including pre-paid and escrow items as well as lender charges; must be given to the borrower within three days after submission of a loan application.
Hard expenses: Hard expenses are monthly expenses that are definite and documented. Examples include installment debt like mortgage payments, car loans, and personal loans. Most hard expenses will be included on one’s credit report.
Interest: A fee charged for the use of money.
Interest rate: The amount of interest charged on a monthly loan payment expressed as a percentage.
Interest Only: A feature of some MLCC loan programs that allows the borrower to pay only the interest on a loan, without paying down any principal with each monthly payment.
Lender: To give/lend money on condition that it is returned and that interest is paid for its temporary use. Banks are commonly known as lenders. Your mortgage broker is not a lender, but rather sold your loan to a lender.
Lien: A legal claim against property that must be satisfied when the property is sold.
Loan-to-value (LTV) ratio: A percentage calculated by dividing the amount borrowed by the price or appraised value of the home to be purchased; the higher the LTV, the less cash a borrower is required to pay as down payment.
Loss mitigation: A process to avoid foreclosure; the lender tries to help a borrower who has been unable to make loan payments and is in danger of defaulting on his or her loan.
Mortgage (Mortgage Backed Security): A lien on the property that secures the Promise to repay a loan.
Mortgage banker: A company that originates loans and resells them to secondary mortgage lenders like: Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac.
Mortgage broker: A firm that originates and processes loans for a number of lenders.
Mortgage insurance: A policy that protects lenders against some or most of the losses that can occur when a borrower defaults on a mortgage loan; mortgage insurance is required primarily for borrowers with a down payment of less than 20% of the home's purchase price.
Principal Balance Reduction: Instance where the bank forgives a portion of your principal balance as part of a loan modification. The mortgage payment due for this note is based off the new loan amount. Only applicable in heavily depreciated areas.
Refinancing: Paying off one loan by obtaining another; refinancing is generally done to secure better loan terms (like a lower interest rate).
Repayment Plan: Adding a portion of the delinquent mortgage balance on top of the normal monthly payments until caught up.
RESPA: Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (visithttp://www.hud.gov/offices/hsg/sfh/res/respa_hm.cfm for details)
Short Sale: A sale of a house in which the proceeds fall short of what the owner still owes on the mortgage. Many lenders will agree to accept the proceeds of a short sale and forgive the rest of what is owed on the mortgage when the owner cannot make the mortgage payments. By accepting a short sale, the lender can avoid a lengthy and costly foreclosure, and the owner is able to pay off the loan for less than what he owes.
Soft expenses: Monthly expenses that fluctuate and are difficult to document. These include food, gas, incidentals, entertainment and are not reported on one’s credit report.
Teaser Rate: A temporary rate reduction at the inset of a loan.
TILA: Truth in Lending Act. (Visit http://www.fdic.gov/regulations/laws/rules/6500-200.html for details)
Thursday, January 29, 2009
Wednesday, January 28, 2009
How to Write An Economic Hardship Letter?
How to Write An Economic Hardship Letter?
By: Malik Ahmad Attorney at Law. (No copy rights reserved: Use it extensively with your own revision at your own risk, just send me an email of acknowledgement. No legal advice is meant and provided here.
[Malik Ahmad is a Las Vegas Attorney having his own law office. He can be reached at Malik11397@aol.com. He is admitted to all the courts in the state of Nevada. His areas of practice include real estate, bankruptcy and loan modification].
By far writing and inclusion of a hardship letter is a must (a sine quo nun to use the legal lingo) and most sought after requirement by your lenders. This hardship letter does not require and asking for the best English language writing skills but at least it mandates a strong composition which details all the hardship you are presently suffering. Give them a laundry list of all the economic problems you have. Don’t make it too long. A synopsis is enough. Here, in this brief article I am going to touch all those spots on which your lender may base its loan modification decision. Remember, the other supporting documents your lender requires are:
(1) the bank statements;
(2) the tax record for two years and
(3) the paystubs. Almost every lender requires this hardship letter. Here, I am giving first all the hardship points which may or may not be required and suitable in each and every case, but which you can edit to suit your particular needs.
1. Hardship about yourself:
You are telling your own story. Write like a story.
“I had a continuous job at the IBM for the last 7 years, and the company shut down the local plant. Consequently, I was laid off from work. I have been looking for work for quite some time. Initially, I was drawing unemployment compensation, but since last few weeks (or months) I have ran out of this compensation. I almost send my resume to various employers. Due to the current hardship, I am not getting many responses.
“We barely are making our normal household expenses. If you look at our history of mortgage payments, you would see that we had a pattern of timely payments on our mortgage since originally we bought this home in 1999. It is only three months ago when we were first delinquent. We though we would catch up. Initially, we borrowed from our lines of equity, but that has been cut down and now frozen by our bank. We do not like to borrow from family and friends at this time.”
2. About Your Family:
“Luckily, my wife is still employed. She is employed as a registered nurse at the local hospital. She used to work overtime, but because of the depressing conditions, the hospital had cut down her overtime. Additionally, she worked part time but recently the County had laid down its benefit program for the indigent”.
“We had lately an extended family in our home as parents of my wife had joined us. My 82 mother in law is in frail health accompanied by my 92 years old father in law. Presently, both are living with because they rural place where they lived had no modern medical facilities. My mother in law is suffering from Alzheimer. My wife had to take her quite often to the local professional medical offices. They had to go at least three times a week. Even though our in laws sometime contribute in household things but largely we bear the expenses.”
“Unfortunately, our 10 year old son was diagnosed with the disease of the liver. We had to buy the latest medicine which is not covered by our health plan, and there is no generic substitute of these medicines. We had to spend an upward of $300 every month on these medicines.”
“We had recently borrowed $20,000 from our pension and which was spent on paying all the old bills. We ran out this money quickly, and now the Pension Fund has placed severe restrictions on any more withdrawal.”
“My wife who worked as a registered nurse in the local hospital always wanted to pursue a master degree in public health administration (MBA, Public Administration, Nurse Practitioner etc). She has enrolled in the University of Nevada in their master program where one more year has left in her completion. She likes to become a university nursing teacher. Our expenses are quadrupled because of her enrollment and doing lesser numbers of hours at her regular employment”.
“I am enrolled in an MBA Program in the University of Phoenix (CPA, Law school, chef school, auto technician course, vocation schools etc). It is night program which is extended to 4 years degree program. I have almost finished the first two years. It was a wise expenditure of my savings as I was expecting a promotion in the place of my work. Hopefully, someday I would be rewarded for this hard work.”
3. General Situation:
“We had a lower interest rate initially for the first two years. We had a good FICO score and always though that we can get better interest rate. Our loan officer promised us that once we are entrenched in our home for some time, we would be eligible for better interest rate. We had not seen any better interest rate other than the fact that these interests are constantly rising. We used to pay a payment of $1650 per month, which was increased for an upward adjustment to $1850 and now since the last three months had gone up to $2450. This is an exorbitant amount which unfortunately we cannot pay. There is a choice to either pay for the basic necessities of life or pay just the mortgage only. We had also seen a sharp increase in our utilities bill including the cost of transportation. Furthermore, my commute time has been increased due to our work place relocated in far off place from my home.”
“Our loan officer always told us that our interest rate is locked at 5% percent. We were shocked when our attorney friend came to our home for a social function and we showed him our escrow papers. According to him, there are quite a few violations of RESPA and TILA. We were never provided a copy of the good faith estimate. We were not provided this entire disclosure certificate under TILA. Our attorney friend had told us that in his opinion we are a victim of some predatory lending practices, and that we should seek an immediate legal help. He also told us to seek some forensic loan audit.”
“We are not litigious people. At this time we are requesting a loan modification with a significant decrease in our interest rate as well as a reduction in our principal balance. We are not delinquent kind of people. We like this home, and like to continue staying here. This has been a part of our American Dream. Our economic hardship is temporary and hopefully would resolve in next few years. At this time we are requesting a loan modification with a significant decrease in our interest rate as well principal. Interest rates are historically low and your bank had also accepted federal bailout money. We do not anticipate another loan modification, and if this done right we would abide by all the terms and conditions set by it.
By: Malik Ahmad Attorney at Law. (No copy rights reserved: Use it extensively with your own revision at your own risk, just send me an email of acknowledgement. No legal advice is meant and provided here.
[Malik Ahmad is a Las Vegas Attorney having his own law office. He can be reached at Malik11397@aol.com. He is admitted to all the courts in the state of Nevada. His areas of practice include real estate, bankruptcy and loan modification].
By far writing and inclusion of a hardship letter is a must (a sine quo nun to use the legal lingo) and most sought after requirement by your lenders. This hardship letter does not require and asking for the best English language writing skills but at least it mandates a strong composition which details all the hardship you are presently suffering. Give them a laundry list of all the economic problems you have. Don’t make it too long. A synopsis is enough. Here, in this brief article I am going to touch all those spots on which your lender may base its loan modification decision. Remember, the other supporting documents your lender requires are:
(1) the bank statements;
(2) the tax record for two years and
(3) the paystubs. Almost every lender requires this hardship letter. Here, I am giving first all the hardship points which may or may not be required and suitable in each and every case, but which you can edit to suit your particular needs.
1. Hardship about yourself:
You are telling your own story. Write like a story.
“I had a continuous job at the IBM for the last 7 years, and the company shut down the local plant. Consequently, I was laid off from work. I have been looking for work for quite some time. Initially, I was drawing unemployment compensation, but since last few weeks (or months) I have ran out of this compensation. I almost send my resume to various employers. Due to the current hardship, I am not getting many responses.
“We barely are making our normal household expenses. If you look at our history of mortgage payments, you would see that we had a pattern of timely payments on our mortgage since originally we bought this home in 1999. It is only three months ago when we were first delinquent. We though we would catch up. Initially, we borrowed from our lines of equity, but that has been cut down and now frozen by our bank. We do not like to borrow from family and friends at this time.”
2. About Your Family:
“Luckily, my wife is still employed. She is employed as a registered nurse at the local hospital. She used to work overtime, but because of the depressing conditions, the hospital had cut down her overtime. Additionally, she worked part time but recently the County had laid down its benefit program for the indigent”.
“We had lately an extended family in our home as parents of my wife had joined us. My 82 mother in law is in frail health accompanied by my 92 years old father in law. Presently, both are living with because they rural place where they lived had no modern medical facilities. My mother in law is suffering from Alzheimer. My wife had to take her quite often to the local professional medical offices. They had to go at least three times a week. Even though our in laws sometime contribute in household things but largely we bear the expenses.”
“Unfortunately, our 10 year old son was diagnosed with the disease of the liver. We had to buy the latest medicine which is not covered by our health plan, and there is no generic substitute of these medicines. We had to spend an upward of $300 every month on these medicines.”
“We had recently borrowed $20,000 from our pension and which was spent on paying all the old bills. We ran out this money quickly, and now the Pension Fund has placed severe restrictions on any more withdrawal.”
“My wife who worked as a registered nurse in the local hospital always wanted to pursue a master degree in public health administration (MBA, Public Administration, Nurse Practitioner etc). She has enrolled in the University of Nevada in their master program where one more year has left in her completion. She likes to become a university nursing teacher. Our expenses are quadrupled because of her enrollment and doing lesser numbers of hours at her regular employment”.
“I am enrolled in an MBA Program in the University of Phoenix (CPA, Law school, chef school, auto technician course, vocation schools etc). It is night program which is extended to 4 years degree program. I have almost finished the first two years. It was a wise expenditure of my savings as I was expecting a promotion in the place of my work. Hopefully, someday I would be rewarded for this hard work.”
3. General Situation:
“We had a lower interest rate initially for the first two years. We had a good FICO score and always though that we can get better interest rate. Our loan officer promised us that once we are entrenched in our home for some time, we would be eligible for better interest rate. We had not seen any better interest rate other than the fact that these interests are constantly rising. We used to pay a payment of $1650 per month, which was increased for an upward adjustment to $1850 and now since the last three months had gone up to $2450. This is an exorbitant amount which unfortunately we cannot pay. There is a choice to either pay for the basic necessities of life or pay just the mortgage only. We had also seen a sharp increase in our utilities bill including the cost of transportation. Furthermore, my commute time has been increased due to our work place relocated in far off place from my home.”
“Our loan officer always told us that our interest rate is locked at 5% percent. We were shocked when our attorney friend came to our home for a social function and we showed him our escrow papers. According to him, there are quite a few violations of RESPA and TILA. We were never provided a copy of the good faith estimate. We were not provided this entire disclosure certificate under TILA. Our attorney friend had told us that in his opinion we are a victim of some predatory lending practices, and that we should seek an immediate legal help. He also told us to seek some forensic loan audit.”
“We are not litigious people. At this time we are requesting a loan modification with a significant decrease in our interest rate as well as a reduction in our principal balance. We are not delinquent kind of people. We like this home, and like to continue staying here. This has been a part of our American Dream. Our economic hardship is temporary and hopefully would resolve in next few years. At this time we are requesting a loan modification with a significant decrease in our interest rate as well principal. Interest rates are historically low and your bank had also accepted federal bailout money. We do not anticipate another loan modification, and if this done right we would abide by all the terms and conditions set by it.
Foreclosure in Nevada:Myths, Mysteris & Defenses
Foreclosure in Nevada?
How, Whys, and Defense?
By Malik W. Ahmad Attorney at Law
[Malik Ahmad is a licensed attorney and admitted to practice to the Supreme Court of Nevada]
All loans in real estate property are considered secured loans. Whenever there is collateral attached to a loan, it is called secured loan. Unsecured loans are mostly credit cards loans and which have no collateral attached with them. Here, in Nevada, and in the real estate context, all loans are secured because they are attached with property. When a loan secured by your lender goes into default, the secured creditor has a right to initiate foreclosure proceedings to take over this collateral. The lender has two choices, one is judicial foreclosure, and the other is non judicial or statutory foreclosure. Also, these days lenders are using other tactics like workout package, surrender deed in lieu of foreclosure, short sale, and of course the much touted loan modifications. A foreclosure happens much after all these remedies or solutions are exhausted. Lenders does not like to lose money and like the homeowners likes to pursue all of the options at all the times. A workout package may or may not work because the lender is exploring all the choices where the homeowners can be made current. In a workout package, the lender sees your financial situation, the nature and value of your collateral and whether there are advantages which can be accomplished through the workout package. In almost all cases, sooner you talk to your lenders; they would suggest a workout package. The lender may send a workout package. Also, it may follow a forbearance period. There is no uniform method of conducting such negotiation, each lender has their different guidelines and of course very skilled negotiator for this purpose.
A deed in lieu of foreclosure:
The borrower executes a deed where he conveys the property to the secured creditor in lieu of conducting the foreclosure sale. This way the lender becomes the owner of the property without going through the hassle of foreclosing and avoiding extra expenditure of publication. It is a voluntary matter from the borrower where no money in return can be expected. Sometime the borrower offers some money in exchange of clean returning the keys and up keeping the property during the transition times.
This paper, however, only discusses situation after the workout package is exhausted or not discussed. There are some advantages of deed in lieu of foreclosure:
1. Quick negotiation process.
2. Borrower avoids negative publicity.
3. Less expensive for the lenders, does not pay for publication of notices.
4. No recordation of documents with the county or recorders office.
5. There is no public record of any kind created.
6. Borrower may obtain some legal as well financial concession from the lender.
7. May stay in the property for sometime without paying any mortgage payments.
8. The foreclosure process is lengthy and parties can avoid for some mutual benefits.
9. Lenders can do to avoid potential bankruptcy problems.
10. The borrower can negotiate the reporting of foreclosure to the credit reporting agencies. A foreclosure on a credit agency is extremely damaging, and the creditors may be approached to report such foreclosure in a more human and decent way.
11. The lenders can have an immediate possession of the property.
12. A deed in lieu of foreclosure does not eliminate junior encumbrances. The lender that takes a deed in lieu of foreclosure takes the title subject to those junior encumbrances. The lender takes over these encumbrances and therefore the rights of secondary lien holders.
13. The lenders who accepts this deed in lieu of foreclosure also loses the right to pursue a deficiency judgment against the borrowers or guarantors either as a matter of law or as a matter of contract. See Maloney v. Boston five Cents Savings Bank FSB, 422 Mass. 431, 436, 663 N.E. 2d 811, 815 (1996). Both parties should pay particular notice to the doctrine of merger.
14. Doctrine of Merger: When one party holds both a fee interest in property and lien on the same property, the lesser interest will merge into the greater interest. See Alladin Heating Corp. v. Trustee of the Central States Pension Plan, 93, Nev. 257 (1977) (holding that whether merger occurs is dependent upon the intent of the parties). If a merger occurs, junior liens increase in priority as a result of removal the senior lien held by the lender. If there are junior liens of the property, therefore, the lender may prefer that its higher priority lien remain of record after the conveyance by the deed in lieu.
15. Another pitfall is that if the borrower files a bankruptcy, this can be considered a collusive transaction. The bankruptcy code and state law allow a bankruptcy trustee to avoid certain transfers of property that are made prior to a bankruptcy filing known as “fraudulent transfers” 11 U.S.C. Section 548(a)(1)(B); NRS 112.180,., 190. A transfer of property through a deed in lieu of foreclosure is a voluntary transfer that is not subject to the “protections” of the foreclosure process. See Main v. Brim, 75 B.R. 322, 327 (Bankr. D.Az. 1987)
Foreclosure Process in General in Nevada:
Most of the loans are premised upon continuous payments to the lenders. If these payments are not timely paid, or not continuously paid, the borrowers can start the foreclosure process. The lender reviews the loan documents and determines about the occurrence of a default. Failure to make loan payments triggers this default process. Also, it is contingent upon events which have not been corrected by payments or failure of a workout package.
A trustee under a deed of trust may exercise its statutory power of sale without the judicial intervention. In Nevada, the foreclosure is mostly a statutory foreclosure. (NRS 107.080(1)). Judicial foreclosures are also permitted under Nevada law (NRS 40.430-40.450) but judicial foreclosures are not the preferred choice in Nevada for most of the lenders because of the looming danger of the right of redemption. Upon default, the initial step is for either the beneficiary or the trustee to execute a notice of breach and election to sell, which is usually accompanied by an unrecorded Declaration of Default. (NRS 107.080(2)(b)). The beneficiary executes the notice, but the trustee records it. The notice of breach and election to see must be recorded in the county in which the property encumbered by the trust deed is situated. This notice must also be mailed (notice of breach and election to sell) by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested with postage prepaid, to the address of the trustor and to the person who holds the title of record, if known, otherwise to the address of the property. (NRS 1076.080(3)
Notice of Default and Election to Sell?
1. Must describe the property
2. Must describe the deficiency in performance of payment.
3. May contain a notice of intent to accelerate the entire unpaid balance if the terms of the obligations so permit (NRS 107.080(3).
4. Within 10 days of recording and mailing the notice of default to the trustor, copies of the notice must also be sent by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, to each person who has either (1) filed a request for a copy of the notice; or (2) holds a record interest in the property subordinate to the deed of trust being foreclosed. Additionally, 20 or more days before the sale, the trustee must mail a copy of the notice of the time and place of the sale to the same parties by register3ed or certified mail, return receipt requested(NRS 107.090.)
5. Nevada laws make it immaterial whether the notice is actually received by the trustor. The notice is effective nonetheless. (Turner v. Dewco Services, Inc., 87 Nev. 14, 479 P. Wd 462 (1971)
6. NRS 107.080(2)(a) provides that no power of sale may be exercised unless the trustor or his successor in interest, a beneficiary under a subordinate deed of trust or any other person with a subordinate lien or encumbrance of record (referred to below as “trustor or interested person”) has, for a period of 35 days, “failed to make good the deficiency in performance or payment….” The 35-day period commences on the first day following the day upon which the notice and election is recorded and mailed to the grantor and to the record owner of the property in the manner specified above. (NRS 108.080(3). If the trustor other interested persons “make good” the deficiency in payment or performance within the 35-day period, the trustee’s power of sale may not be exercised, and the obligation may not be accelerated. NRS 107.080(2)(a), (3). The 35-day period in the statute exists independently of any notice or cure periods contained the applicable notes or deeds of trust. If the notice of breach contains a permitted election to accelerate and the breach is not cured within the 35-day period, the trustor or other interested persons can thereafter only prevent the sale by tendering the entire unpaid balance of the obligation, as well as any costs, fees and expenses incidents to the preparation or recordation of the notice and incident to the making good of the deficiency in performance or payment (NRS 107.080(3).
What is the Procedure for Trustee’s Sale?
When three months have elapsed from the date of the recordation of the notice of breach and election to sell, the trustee may give notice of the time and place of the trustee’s sale, which notice must be given in accordance with the statutory provisions for execution sales of real property – posted notice in three public places for 20 successive days and published once a week for three consecutive weeks. (NRS 107.080(4);231.130(1)©. The trustee’s sale may be held at the office of the trustee anywhere in Nevada, even if it is not in the county where the property being sold is located. (NRS 107.080(4).
If the power of sale is exercised in compliance with the Nevada statute, the purchaser is vested with the title of the trustor, without equity or right of redemption NRS 107.080(5).
What are the Guarantor’s Rights to Notice and Subrogation?
The notice of breach and election to sell must be mailed by certified mail, postage prepaid, to each guarantor or surety of the debt at the address of each if known, or at the address of the trust property. The notice must also be mailed to any other obligor who has filed a request for a copy of the notice under NRS107.090. Failure to provide such notice would release that guarantor, surety or obligor from liability on the obligation. (NRS 107.095(1).
Under NRs 107.095(3) a guaranty, surety or other obligor is not released if the required notice is give at least fifteen (15) days before the later of the expiration of the 35-day period described in NRs 107.080 or any extension of that period by the beneficiary, or if the notice of default is rescinded before the sale id advertised.
Upon full satisfaction by the guarantor, surety or other obligor, other than the trustor, of the indebtedness secured by a mortgage or lien, the paying guarantor or obligor is entitled to enforce every remedy which the beneficiary has against the trustor, and is entitled to an assignment from the beneficiary of all of the rights the beneficiary then has by way of security for the payment or performance of the trustor. NRS 40-475 (1989). Such an obligor is also entitled to subrogation, junior only to the secured lender’s rights, in the case of partial satisfaction of the indebtedness. (NRS 40.485 (1989). These rights may only be waived by the guarantor, surety or other obligor after default. NRs 40.495(1)(1989).
What are the rights under One Action Rule?
In Nevada, a deficiency judgment can be filed under non statutory foreclosure provisions without having filed a judicial foreclosure.
What is a deed of Trust in Nevada?
The most common type of security interest in real property in Nevada is a Deed of Trust. A DOT has three parties.
Lender: It is the first party who is referred to as “Beneficiary.”
Borrower: It is the second party who is referred to as the “Maker”, or “Grantor”, or “Trustor” who conveys legal title to the property to the Trustee.
Trustee: This is the third party who holds legal title to the property.
Process: A DOT can be foreclosed in a simple process and cheaper as well. A Trustee sells the property encumbered by the DOT. All the lender needs to do in order to foreclose on a DOT is to determine that an even of default has occurred under the DOT and have the trustee conduct non-judicial foreclosure proceedings. Here, in Nevada, the trustee sale does not entail redemption. The borrower, in Nevada, does not have the statutory rights of redemption unlike the judicial foreclosure where the right of redemption lasts one year. Compare NRs 107.080(5) (no right of redemption in a foreclosure on a DOT ) with NRs 21.210 (one year period of redemption.
Determination of Default.
Your default notice also consists of a determination of default. It can be monetary or non monetary. Monetary is when it is linked to borrowers failure to pay, failure to pay property taxes, failure to pay homeowners association assessments and failure to pay special improvements and other assessments against the property. The non monetary events of default are spelled out in the notice of default and Deed of Trust as well as related loan documents. They can be failure to insure property, the failure to maintain debt service coverage ratios and waste.
Acceleration of Obligation:
A trustee under a deed of trust may exercise its statutory power of sale (commencement of foreclosure process) without judicial intervention in Nevada. NRs 107.080(1). Judicial foreclosure is also permitted under Nevada laws though seldom exercised. (NRs 40.430-40-450). They carry with them a one year right of redemption which lenders does not like it as they like to close this chapter once for all.
Steps in Foreclosure:
1. The beneficiary or the trustee to execute a notice of breach and election to sell which is usually accompanied by an unrecorded Declaration of Default. (NRS 107.080(2)(b). The beneficiary executes the notice, but the trustee records it. The notice of breach and election to sell must be recorded in the county in which the property encumbered by the trust deed is situated. The notice of breach and election to sell must also be mailed by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested with postage prepaid, to the address of the trustor and to the person who holds the title of record, if known, otherwise to the address of the property. (NRS 1076.080(3.
2. The notice and election must describe the deficiency in performance or payment, and may contain a notice of intent to accelerate the entire unpaid balance if the terms of the obligation so permit. (NRS 107.080(3.
3. Within ten days of recording and mailing to the trustor the notice of default, copies of the notice must also be sent by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, to each person who had either (1) filed a request for a copy of the notice; or (2) holds a record interest in the property subordinate to the deed of trust being foreclosed. Additionally, 20 or more days before the sale, the trustee must mail a copy of the notice of the time and place of the sale to the same parties by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested. (NRS 107.90)
4. Under Nevada law, it is immaterial whether the notice is actually received by the trustor. Turner v. Dewco Services, Inc., 87 Nev 14. 479 P.2d 462 (1971.
5. NRS 107.080(2)(a) provides that no power of sale may be exercised unless the trustor or his successor in interest, a beneficiary under a subordinate deed of trust or any other person with a subordinate lien or encumbrance of record (trustor or interested persons) has, for a period of 35 days, “failed to make good the deficiency in performance or payment….” The 35-day period commences on the first day following the day upon which the notice and election is recorded and mailed to the grantor and to the record owner of the property in the manner specified above. NRS 107.080(3). If the trustor or other interested person “make good” the deficiency in payment or performance within 35-day period, the trustee’s power of sale may not be exercised, and the obligation may not be accelerated. NRs 107.80(2)(a), (3). The 35-day period in the statue exists independently of any notice or cure periods contained in the applicable notes or deeds of trust. If the notice of breach contains a permitted election to accelerate and the breach is not cured within the 35-day period, the trustor or other interested persons can thereafter only prevent the sale by tendering the entire unpaid balance of the obligation, as well as any costs, fees and expenses incident to the preparation or recordation of the notice and incident to the making good of the deficiency in performance or payment. NRS 107.080(3.
6. Nevada Revised Statutes Chapter 107 governs Deeds of Trusts. The transfer of real property may be made in trust to secure loans and other obligations. See NRs 107.020. In the event a transfer is made in trust to secure payment, the Trustee is granted a power of sale which may be exercised if an event of default has occurred. See generally NRS 107.080.
How a Foreclosure Process in Nevada is Commenced?
1. The lender must first determine that an event of default has taken place.
2. The lender employs the Trustee or a successor.
3. The Trustee will prepare and record in the Office of the County of Records of the County in which the property is located a Notice of Default and Election To Sell. (NRS 107.080).
4. The Notice of Default and Election to Sell must be mailed by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested Election to Sell must be mailed by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested and postage prepaid, to the grantor of the Deed of Trust, the person who holds title of record on the date of the Notice of Default and Election to Sell, each guarantor or surety of the debt, NRS 107.095(1), and any person who recorded a request for a Notice of Default and Election to Sell. (NRS 107.090.
5. On the first day after the Notice of Default and Election to Sell is recorded and sent by mail to all interested parties, the borrower and the other obligors are then given 35 days to make good the deficiency in payment or performance. NRs 107.080(2)(a)(2). This essentially allows the borrower or other obligors to de-accelerate the default under the Deed of Trust and terminate the foreclosure proceedings.
6. In the event the borrower or other party in interest fails to cure the deficiency in payment or performance, the Trustee must wait until the expiration of three months following the recording of the Notice of Default and Election to Sell (55 days after the 35 day reinstatement period expires) before giving notice of the time and the place for the sale of the real property (NRS 107.080). The notice of the time and place for the sale of the real property must be published in accordance with Nevada’s execution statutes.
Requirements of Publication for the Notice Under Nevada Laws
Nevada statute requires the following publication of the notice of the date, time and place of the sale:
(1) Personal service or service by registered mail to the last known address of each person entitled to Notice of Default and Election to Sell;
(2) The posting of a similar notice particularly describing the property , for twenty days successively, in three public places of the township or city where the property is situated in or where the property is to be sold; and
(3) Publishing a copy of the Notice three times, once each week for three successive weeks, in a newspaper, if there is one the county. (NRS 21.130(c).
(4) In addition to the notice required by Nevada’s execution statutes, the Trustee is required to, at least twenty days before the date of the sale, deposit in the United States mail and envelope, registered or certified, return receipt requested and with postage prepaid, containing a copy of the Notice of time and place of sale, addressed to each person who has recorded a Request for Notice of Default and Sale. See NRS 107.090(4).
(5) If the Trustee fails to give any person liable to the beneficiary or any other person who has requested a Notice of Default and Sale the required notices, that person may be released of its obligation to the lender. NRs 107.095.
(6) NRs 107.080(4) allows the Trustee to conduct the sale at the Trustee’s office.
(7) At the foreclosure sale, the Trustee may sell the real property by public auction. Generally, the lender will provide the trustee with a minimum credit bid before the foreclosure sale. The amount of the credit bid may be for the full amount of the debt owed to the beneficiary or only a portion of what is owed to the beneficiary. Any person or entity may attend the foreclosure sale and bid for the real property.
What is Nevada’s “One Action Rule”?
Nevada has adopted a one-action rule. It provides that there may be only one action to collect a debt secured by a mortgage or other lien. The Nevada One Action rules provides: (NRs 40.430(1)-(3).
1. There may be but one action for the recovery of any debt, or for the enforcement of any right secured by a mortgage or other lien upon real estate. That action must be in accordance with the provision of this section and NRS 40.433 to 40.459, inclusive. In that action, the judgment must be rendered for the amount found due the plaintiff, and the court, by its decree or judgment, may direct a sale or the encumbered property, or such part thereof as is necessary, and apply the proceeds of the sale as provided in NRs 40.462.
2. This section must be construed to permit a secured creditor to realize upon the collateral for a debt or other obligation agreed upon by the debtor and creditor when the debt or other obligation was incurred.
3. A sale directed by the court pursuant to subsection 1 must be conducted in the same manner as the sale of real property upon execution, by the sheriff of the county in which the encumbered land is situated, and if the encumbered land is situated in two or more counties, the court shall direct the sheriff of one of the counties to conduct the sale with like proceedings and effect as if the whole of the encumbered land were situated in that county.
Conclusion: The Foreclosure--The End of the Dream:
The foreclosure is the final and definitive step and the end of the whole nightmare process. There is no right of redemption for a non judicial foreclosure in Nevada. The acceptance of the winning bid concludes the bidding process. The execution sale is final and deprives the debtor of any entitlement to the rights of ownership in the property. It is final elimination of any liens on the property along with the junior encumbrances.
What is right of Redemption?
Few words on redemption: The foreclosure process may not be final unless a final remedy can be exercise in Nevada, and that is called right of redemption. There is no redemption in non judicial foreclosures. However, there is one year period of redemption in a judicial foreclosure sale in Nevada. Right of redemption is paying off all the existing monetary obligations up to and before the final fall of the hammer. The full amount may consist of all delinquent amounts, plus interest and attorney fees and other publication costs. Under Nevada law, there are no rights of redemption in connection with a properly conducted non-judicial foreclosure sale. NRS 107.080(5). There is one year right of redemption in a judicial foreclosure sale (NRS 21.210)
What is Deficiency Judgment, and Where This Money Will Come From?
As it is happening quite often these days, the Trustee will sell property at a foreclosure sale for less than the amount which is owed to the creditor or beneficiary under the Deed of Trust. Deficiency judgments are governed by NRs 40.451 to 40.459. The beneficiary must file the deficiency action within six (6) months after the date of the foreclosure sale or the deficiency action will be time barred. Specifically, NRs 40.455(1) provides:
Upon application of the judgment creditor or the beneficiary of the deed of trust within six months after the date of the foreclosure sale or the Trustee’s sale held pursuant to NRs 107.080, respectively, and after the required hearing, the court shall award a deficiency judgment to the judgment creditor or beneficiary of the deed of trust if it appears from the sheriff’s return or the recital of consideration and the trustee’s deed that there is a deficiency of the proceeds of the sale and a balance remaining due to the judgment creditor or the beneficiary of the deed of trust, respectively. NRS 40.455(1)
Nevada law places stringent limitations on the amount of a money judgment, which may be recovered against the debtor, guarantor or surety who is personally liable for the deficiency. The court shall not render a deficiency judgment for more than:
1. The amount by which the amount of the indebtedness which was secured exceeds the fair market value of the property sold at the time of the sale, with interest from the date of the sale; or
2. The amount which is the difference between the amounts for which the property was actually sold and the amount of the indebtedness which was secured, with interest from the date of sale, whichever is the lessor amount.
3. The court may also consider expert appraisal testimony to evaluate the fair value of the property.
4. The junior lien holder if their rights are not properly extinguished, can also sue for deficiency judgment.
5. Nevada law provides that the anti deficiency legislation protects a guarantor and any other entity that is personally liable for the debt. See generally NRS 40.459.
How, Whys, and Defense?
By Malik W. Ahmad Attorney at Law
[Malik Ahmad is a licensed attorney and admitted to practice to the Supreme Court of Nevada]
All loans in real estate property are considered secured loans. Whenever there is collateral attached to a loan, it is called secured loan. Unsecured loans are mostly credit cards loans and which have no collateral attached with them. Here, in Nevada, and in the real estate context, all loans are secured because they are attached with property. When a loan secured by your lender goes into default, the secured creditor has a right to initiate foreclosure proceedings to take over this collateral. The lender has two choices, one is judicial foreclosure, and the other is non judicial or statutory foreclosure. Also, these days lenders are using other tactics like workout package, surrender deed in lieu of foreclosure, short sale, and of course the much touted loan modifications. A foreclosure happens much after all these remedies or solutions are exhausted. Lenders does not like to lose money and like the homeowners likes to pursue all of the options at all the times. A workout package may or may not work because the lender is exploring all the choices where the homeowners can be made current. In a workout package, the lender sees your financial situation, the nature and value of your collateral and whether there are advantages which can be accomplished through the workout package. In almost all cases, sooner you talk to your lenders; they would suggest a workout package. The lender may send a workout package. Also, it may follow a forbearance period. There is no uniform method of conducting such negotiation, each lender has their different guidelines and of course very skilled negotiator for this purpose.
A deed in lieu of foreclosure:
The borrower executes a deed where he conveys the property to the secured creditor in lieu of conducting the foreclosure sale. This way the lender becomes the owner of the property without going through the hassle of foreclosing and avoiding extra expenditure of publication. It is a voluntary matter from the borrower where no money in return can be expected. Sometime the borrower offers some money in exchange of clean returning the keys and up keeping the property during the transition times.
This paper, however, only discusses situation after the workout package is exhausted or not discussed. There are some advantages of deed in lieu of foreclosure:
1. Quick negotiation process.
2. Borrower avoids negative publicity.
3. Less expensive for the lenders, does not pay for publication of notices.
4. No recordation of documents with the county or recorders office.
5. There is no public record of any kind created.
6. Borrower may obtain some legal as well financial concession from the lender.
7. May stay in the property for sometime without paying any mortgage payments.
8. The foreclosure process is lengthy and parties can avoid for some mutual benefits.
9. Lenders can do to avoid potential bankruptcy problems.
10. The borrower can negotiate the reporting of foreclosure to the credit reporting agencies. A foreclosure on a credit agency is extremely damaging, and the creditors may be approached to report such foreclosure in a more human and decent way.
11. The lenders can have an immediate possession of the property.
12. A deed in lieu of foreclosure does not eliminate junior encumbrances. The lender that takes a deed in lieu of foreclosure takes the title subject to those junior encumbrances. The lender takes over these encumbrances and therefore the rights of secondary lien holders.
13. The lenders who accepts this deed in lieu of foreclosure also loses the right to pursue a deficiency judgment against the borrowers or guarantors either as a matter of law or as a matter of contract. See Maloney v. Boston five Cents Savings Bank FSB, 422 Mass. 431, 436, 663 N.E. 2d 811, 815 (1996). Both parties should pay particular notice to the doctrine of merger.
14. Doctrine of Merger: When one party holds both a fee interest in property and lien on the same property, the lesser interest will merge into the greater interest. See Alladin Heating Corp. v. Trustee of the Central States Pension Plan, 93, Nev. 257 (1977) (holding that whether merger occurs is dependent upon the intent of the parties). If a merger occurs, junior liens increase in priority as a result of removal the senior lien held by the lender. If there are junior liens of the property, therefore, the lender may prefer that its higher priority lien remain of record after the conveyance by the deed in lieu.
15. Another pitfall is that if the borrower files a bankruptcy, this can be considered a collusive transaction. The bankruptcy code and state law allow a bankruptcy trustee to avoid certain transfers of property that are made prior to a bankruptcy filing known as “fraudulent transfers” 11 U.S.C. Section 548(a)(1)(B); NRS 112.180,., 190. A transfer of property through a deed in lieu of foreclosure is a voluntary transfer that is not subject to the “protections” of the foreclosure process. See Main v. Brim, 75 B.R. 322, 327 (Bankr. D.Az. 1987)
Foreclosure Process in General in Nevada:
Most of the loans are premised upon continuous payments to the lenders. If these payments are not timely paid, or not continuously paid, the borrowers can start the foreclosure process. The lender reviews the loan documents and determines about the occurrence of a default. Failure to make loan payments triggers this default process. Also, it is contingent upon events which have not been corrected by payments or failure of a workout package.
A trustee under a deed of trust may exercise its statutory power of sale without the judicial intervention. In Nevada, the foreclosure is mostly a statutory foreclosure. (NRS 107.080(1)). Judicial foreclosures are also permitted under Nevada law (NRS 40.430-40.450) but judicial foreclosures are not the preferred choice in Nevada for most of the lenders because of the looming danger of the right of redemption. Upon default, the initial step is for either the beneficiary or the trustee to execute a notice of breach and election to sell, which is usually accompanied by an unrecorded Declaration of Default. (NRS 107.080(2)(b)). The beneficiary executes the notice, but the trustee records it. The notice of breach and election to see must be recorded in the county in which the property encumbered by the trust deed is situated. This notice must also be mailed (notice of breach and election to sell) by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested with postage prepaid, to the address of the trustor and to the person who holds the title of record, if known, otherwise to the address of the property. (NRS 1076.080(3)
Notice of Default and Election to Sell?
1. Must describe the property
2. Must describe the deficiency in performance of payment.
3. May contain a notice of intent to accelerate the entire unpaid balance if the terms of the obligations so permit (NRS 107.080(3).
4. Within 10 days of recording and mailing the notice of default to the trustor, copies of the notice must also be sent by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, to each person who has either (1) filed a request for a copy of the notice; or (2) holds a record interest in the property subordinate to the deed of trust being foreclosed. Additionally, 20 or more days before the sale, the trustee must mail a copy of the notice of the time and place of the sale to the same parties by register3ed or certified mail, return receipt requested(NRS 107.090.)
5. Nevada laws make it immaterial whether the notice is actually received by the trustor. The notice is effective nonetheless. (Turner v. Dewco Services, Inc., 87 Nev. 14, 479 P. Wd 462 (1971)
6. NRS 107.080(2)(a) provides that no power of sale may be exercised unless the trustor or his successor in interest, a beneficiary under a subordinate deed of trust or any other person with a subordinate lien or encumbrance of record (referred to below as “trustor or interested person”) has, for a period of 35 days, “failed to make good the deficiency in performance or payment….” The 35-day period commences on the first day following the day upon which the notice and election is recorded and mailed to the grantor and to the record owner of the property in the manner specified above. (NRS 108.080(3). If the trustor other interested persons “make good” the deficiency in payment or performance within the 35-day period, the trustee’s power of sale may not be exercised, and the obligation may not be accelerated. NRS 107.080(2)(a), (3). The 35-day period in the statute exists independently of any notice or cure periods contained the applicable notes or deeds of trust. If the notice of breach contains a permitted election to accelerate and the breach is not cured within the 35-day period, the trustor or other interested persons can thereafter only prevent the sale by tendering the entire unpaid balance of the obligation, as well as any costs, fees and expenses incidents to the preparation or recordation of the notice and incident to the making good of the deficiency in performance or payment (NRS 107.080(3).
What is the Procedure for Trustee’s Sale?
When three months have elapsed from the date of the recordation of the notice of breach and election to sell, the trustee may give notice of the time and place of the trustee’s sale, which notice must be given in accordance with the statutory provisions for execution sales of real property – posted notice in three public places for 20 successive days and published once a week for three consecutive weeks. (NRS 107.080(4);231.130(1)©. The trustee’s sale may be held at the office of the trustee anywhere in Nevada, even if it is not in the county where the property being sold is located. (NRS 107.080(4).
If the power of sale is exercised in compliance with the Nevada statute, the purchaser is vested with the title of the trustor, without equity or right of redemption NRS 107.080(5).
What are the Guarantor’s Rights to Notice and Subrogation?
The notice of breach and election to sell must be mailed by certified mail, postage prepaid, to each guarantor or surety of the debt at the address of each if known, or at the address of the trust property. The notice must also be mailed to any other obligor who has filed a request for a copy of the notice under NRS107.090. Failure to provide such notice would release that guarantor, surety or obligor from liability on the obligation. (NRS 107.095(1).
Under NRs 107.095(3) a guaranty, surety or other obligor is not released if the required notice is give at least fifteen (15) days before the later of the expiration of the 35-day period described in NRs 107.080 or any extension of that period by the beneficiary, or if the notice of default is rescinded before the sale id advertised.
Upon full satisfaction by the guarantor, surety or other obligor, other than the trustor, of the indebtedness secured by a mortgage or lien, the paying guarantor or obligor is entitled to enforce every remedy which the beneficiary has against the trustor, and is entitled to an assignment from the beneficiary of all of the rights the beneficiary then has by way of security for the payment or performance of the trustor. NRS 40-475 (1989). Such an obligor is also entitled to subrogation, junior only to the secured lender’s rights, in the case of partial satisfaction of the indebtedness. (NRS 40.485 (1989). These rights may only be waived by the guarantor, surety or other obligor after default. NRs 40.495(1)(1989).
What are the rights under One Action Rule?
In Nevada, a deficiency judgment can be filed under non statutory foreclosure provisions without having filed a judicial foreclosure.
What is a deed of Trust in Nevada?
The most common type of security interest in real property in Nevada is a Deed of Trust. A DOT has three parties.
Lender: It is the first party who is referred to as “Beneficiary.”
Borrower: It is the second party who is referred to as the “Maker”, or “Grantor”, or “Trustor” who conveys legal title to the property to the Trustee.
Trustee: This is the third party who holds legal title to the property.
Process: A DOT can be foreclosed in a simple process and cheaper as well. A Trustee sells the property encumbered by the DOT. All the lender needs to do in order to foreclose on a DOT is to determine that an even of default has occurred under the DOT and have the trustee conduct non-judicial foreclosure proceedings. Here, in Nevada, the trustee sale does not entail redemption. The borrower, in Nevada, does not have the statutory rights of redemption unlike the judicial foreclosure where the right of redemption lasts one year. Compare NRs 107.080(5) (no right of redemption in a foreclosure on a DOT ) with NRs 21.210 (one year period of redemption.
Determination of Default.
Your default notice also consists of a determination of default. It can be monetary or non monetary. Monetary is when it is linked to borrowers failure to pay, failure to pay property taxes, failure to pay homeowners association assessments and failure to pay special improvements and other assessments against the property. The non monetary events of default are spelled out in the notice of default and Deed of Trust as well as related loan documents. They can be failure to insure property, the failure to maintain debt service coverage ratios and waste.
Acceleration of Obligation:
A trustee under a deed of trust may exercise its statutory power of sale (commencement of foreclosure process) without judicial intervention in Nevada. NRs 107.080(1). Judicial foreclosure is also permitted under Nevada laws though seldom exercised. (NRs 40.430-40-450). They carry with them a one year right of redemption which lenders does not like it as they like to close this chapter once for all.
Steps in Foreclosure:
1. The beneficiary or the trustee to execute a notice of breach and election to sell which is usually accompanied by an unrecorded Declaration of Default. (NRS 107.080(2)(b). The beneficiary executes the notice, but the trustee records it. The notice of breach and election to sell must be recorded in the county in which the property encumbered by the trust deed is situated. The notice of breach and election to sell must also be mailed by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested with postage prepaid, to the address of the trustor and to the person who holds the title of record, if known, otherwise to the address of the property. (NRS 1076.080(3.
2. The notice and election must describe the deficiency in performance or payment, and may contain a notice of intent to accelerate the entire unpaid balance if the terms of the obligation so permit. (NRS 107.080(3.
3. Within ten days of recording and mailing to the trustor the notice of default, copies of the notice must also be sent by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, to each person who had either (1) filed a request for a copy of the notice; or (2) holds a record interest in the property subordinate to the deed of trust being foreclosed. Additionally, 20 or more days before the sale, the trustee must mail a copy of the notice of the time and place of the sale to the same parties by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested. (NRS 107.90)
4. Under Nevada law, it is immaterial whether the notice is actually received by the trustor. Turner v. Dewco Services, Inc., 87 Nev 14. 479 P.2d 462 (1971.
5. NRS 107.080(2)(a) provides that no power of sale may be exercised unless the trustor or his successor in interest, a beneficiary under a subordinate deed of trust or any other person with a subordinate lien or encumbrance of record (trustor or interested persons) has, for a period of 35 days, “failed to make good the deficiency in performance or payment….” The 35-day period commences on the first day following the day upon which the notice and election is recorded and mailed to the grantor and to the record owner of the property in the manner specified above. NRS 107.080(3). If the trustor or other interested person “make good” the deficiency in payment or performance within 35-day period, the trustee’s power of sale may not be exercised, and the obligation may not be accelerated. NRs 107.80(2)(a), (3). The 35-day period in the statue exists independently of any notice or cure periods contained in the applicable notes or deeds of trust. If the notice of breach contains a permitted election to accelerate and the breach is not cured within the 35-day period, the trustor or other interested persons can thereafter only prevent the sale by tendering the entire unpaid balance of the obligation, as well as any costs, fees and expenses incident to the preparation or recordation of the notice and incident to the making good of the deficiency in performance or payment. NRS 107.080(3.
6. Nevada Revised Statutes Chapter 107 governs Deeds of Trusts. The transfer of real property may be made in trust to secure loans and other obligations. See NRs 107.020. In the event a transfer is made in trust to secure payment, the Trustee is granted a power of sale which may be exercised if an event of default has occurred. See generally NRS 107.080.
How a Foreclosure Process in Nevada is Commenced?
1. The lender must first determine that an event of default has taken place.
2. The lender employs the Trustee or a successor.
3. The Trustee will prepare and record in the Office of the County of Records of the County in which the property is located a Notice of Default and Election To Sell. (NRS 107.080).
4. The Notice of Default and Election to Sell must be mailed by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested Election to Sell must be mailed by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested and postage prepaid, to the grantor of the Deed of Trust, the person who holds title of record on the date of the Notice of Default and Election to Sell, each guarantor or surety of the debt, NRS 107.095(1), and any person who recorded a request for a Notice of Default and Election to Sell. (NRS 107.090.
5. On the first day after the Notice of Default and Election to Sell is recorded and sent by mail to all interested parties, the borrower and the other obligors are then given 35 days to make good the deficiency in payment or performance. NRs 107.080(2)(a)(2). This essentially allows the borrower or other obligors to de-accelerate the default under the Deed of Trust and terminate the foreclosure proceedings.
6. In the event the borrower or other party in interest fails to cure the deficiency in payment or performance, the Trustee must wait until the expiration of three months following the recording of the Notice of Default and Election to Sell (55 days after the 35 day reinstatement period expires) before giving notice of the time and the place for the sale of the real property (NRS 107.080). The notice of the time and place for the sale of the real property must be published in accordance with Nevada’s execution statutes.
Requirements of Publication for the Notice Under Nevada Laws
Nevada statute requires the following publication of the notice of the date, time and place of the sale:
(1) Personal service or service by registered mail to the last known address of each person entitled to Notice of Default and Election to Sell;
(2) The posting of a similar notice particularly describing the property , for twenty days successively, in three public places of the township or city where the property is situated in or where the property is to be sold; and
(3) Publishing a copy of the Notice three times, once each week for three successive weeks, in a newspaper, if there is one the county. (NRS 21.130(c).
(4) In addition to the notice required by Nevada’s execution statutes, the Trustee is required to, at least twenty days before the date of the sale, deposit in the United States mail and envelope, registered or certified, return receipt requested and with postage prepaid, containing a copy of the Notice of time and place of sale, addressed to each person who has recorded a Request for Notice of Default and Sale. See NRS 107.090(4).
(5) If the Trustee fails to give any person liable to the beneficiary or any other person who has requested a Notice of Default and Sale the required notices, that person may be released of its obligation to the lender. NRs 107.095.
(6) NRs 107.080(4) allows the Trustee to conduct the sale at the Trustee’s office.
(7) At the foreclosure sale, the Trustee may sell the real property by public auction. Generally, the lender will provide the trustee with a minimum credit bid before the foreclosure sale. The amount of the credit bid may be for the full amount of the debt owed to the beneficiary or only a portion of what is owed to the beneficiary. Any person or entity may attend the foreclosure sale and bid for the real property.
What is Nevada’s “One Action Rule”?
Nevada has adopted a one-action rule. It provides that there may be only one action to collect a debt secured by a mortgage or other lien. The Nevada One Action rules provides: (NRs 40.430(1)-(3).
1. There may be but one action for the recovery of any debt, or for the enforcement of any right secured by a mortgage or other lien upon real estate. That action must be in accordance with the provision of this section and NRS 40.433 to 40.459, inclusive. In that action, the judgment must be rendered for the amount found due the plaintiff, and the court, by its decree or judgment, may direct a sale or the encumbered property, or such part thereof as is necessary, and apply the proceeds of the sale as provided in NRs 40.462.
2. This section must be construed to permit a secured creditor to realize upon the collateral for a debt or other obligation agreed upon by the debtor and creditor when the debt or other obligation was incurred.
3. A sale directed by the court pursuant to subsection 1 must be conducted in the same manner as the sale of real property upon execution, by the sheriff of the county in which the encumbered land is situated, and if the encumbered land is situated in two or more counties, the court shall direct the sheriff of one of the counties to conduct the sale with like proceedings and effect as if the whole of the encumbered land were situated in that county.
Conclusion: The Foreclosure--The End of the Dream:
The foreclosure is the final and definitive step and the end of the whole nightmare process. There is no right of redemption for a non judicial foreclosure in Nevada. The acceptance of the winning bid concludes the bidding process. The execution sale is final and deprives the debtor of any entitlement to the rights of ownership in the property. It is final elimination of any liens on the property along with the junior encumbrances.
What is right of Redemption?
Few words on redemption: The foreclosure process may not be final unless a final remedy can be exercise in Nevada, and that is called right of redemption. There is no redemption in non judicial foreclosures. However, there is one year period of redemption in a judicial foreclosure sale in Nevada. Right of redemption is paying off all the existing monetary obligations up to and before the final fall of the hammer. The full amount may consist of all delinquent amounts, plus interest and attorney fees and other publication costs. Under Nevada law, there are no rights of redemption in connection with a properly conducted non-judicial foreclosure sale. NRS 107.080(5). There is one year right of redemption in a judicial foreclosure sale (NRS 21.210)
What is Deficiency Judgment, and Where This Money Will Come From?
As it is happening quite often these days, the Trustee will sell property at a foreclosure sale for less than the amount which is owed to the creditor or beneficiary under the Deed of Trust. Deficiency judgments are governed by NRs 40.451 to 40.459. The beneficiary must file the deficiency action within six (6) months after the date of the foreclosure sale or the deficiency action will be time barred. Specifically, NRs 40.455(1) provides:
Upon application of the judgment creditor or the beneficiary of the deed of trust within six months after the date of the foreclosure sale or the Trustee’s sale held pursuant to NRs 107.080, respectively, and after the required hearing, the court shall award a deficiency judgment to the judgment creditor or beneficiary of the deed of trust if it appears from the sheriff’s return or the recital of consideration and the trustee’s deed that there is a deficiency of the proceeds of the sale and a balance remaining due to the judgment creditor or the beneficiary of the deed of trust, respectively. NRS 40.455(1)
Nevada law places stringent limitations on the amount of a money judgment, which may be recovered against the debtor, guarantor or surety who is personally liable for the deficiency. The court shall not render a deficiency judgment for more than:
1. The amount by which the amount of the indebtedness which was secured exceeds the fair market value of the property sold at the time of the sale, with interest from the date of the sale; or
2. The amount which is the difference between the amounts for which the property was actually sold and the amount of the indebtedness which was secured, with interest from the date of sale, whichever is the lessor amount.
3. The court may also consider expert appraisal testimony to evaluate the fair value of the property.
4. The junior lien holder if their rights are not properly extinguished, can also sue for deficiency judgment.
5. Nevada law provides that the anti deficiency legislation protects a guarantor and any other entity that is personally liable for the debt. See generally NRS 40.459.
Saturday, January 24, 2009
Foreclosure in Nevada?
How, Whys, and Defense?
By
Malik W. Ahmad Attorney at Law
[Malik Ahmad is a licensed attorney and admitted to practice to the Supreme Court of Nevada]
All loans in real estate property are considered secured loans. Whenever there is collateral attached to a loan, it is called secured loan. Unsecured loans are mostly credit cards loans and which have no collateral attached with them. Here, in Nevada, and in the real estate context, all loans are secured because they are attached with property. When a loan secured by your lender goes into default, the secured creditor has a right to initiate foreclosure proceedings to take over this collateral. The lender has two choices, one is judicial foreclosure, and the other is non judicial or statutory foreclosure. Also, these days lenders are using other tactics like workout package, surrender deed in lieu of foreclosure, short sale, and of course the much touted loan modifications. A foreclosure happens much after all these remedies or solutions are exhausted. Lenders does not like to lose money and like the homeowners likes to pursue all of the options at all the times. A workout package may or may not work because the lender is exploring all the choices where the homeowners can be made current. In a workout package, the lender sees your financial situation, the nature and value of your collateral and whether there are advantages which can be accomplished through the workout package. In almost all cases, sooner you talk to your lenders; they would suggest a workout package. The lender may send a workout package. Also, it may follow a forbearance period. There is no uniform method of conducting such negotiation, each lender has their different guidelines and of course very skilled negotiator for this purpose.
A deed in lieu of foreclosure:
The borrower executes a deed where he conveys the property to the secured creditor in lieu of conducting the foreclosure sale. This way the lender becomes the owner of the property without going through the hassle of foreclosing and avoiding extra expenditure of publication. It is a voluntary matter from the borrower where no money in return can be expected. Sometime the borrower offers some money in exchange of clean returning the keys and up keeping the property during the transition times.
This paper, however, only discusses situation after the workout package is exhausted or not discussed. There are some advantages of deed in lieu of foreclosure:
1. Quick negotiation process.
2. Borrower avoids negative publicity.
3. Less expensive for the lenders, does not pay for publication of notices.
4. No recordation of documents with the county or recorders office.
5. There is no public record of any kind created.
6. Borrower may obtain some legal as well financial concession from the lender.
7. May stay in the property for sometime without paying any mortgage payments.
8. The foreclosure process is lengthy and parties can avoid for some mutual benefits.
9. Lenders can do to avoid potential bankruptcy problems.
10. The borrower can negotiate the reporting of foreclosure to the credit reporting agencies. A foreclosure on a credit agency is extremely damaging, and the creditors may be approached to report such foreclosure in a more human and decent way.
11. The lenders can have an immediate possession of the property.
12. A deed in lieu of foreclosure does not eliminate junior encumbrances. The lender that takes a deed in lieu of foreclosure takes the title subject to those junior encumbrances. The lender takes over these encumbrances and therefore the rights of secondary lien holders.
13. The lenders who accepts this deed in lieu of foreclosure also loses the right to pursue a deficiency judgment against the borrowers or guarantors either as a matter of law or as a matter of contract. See Maloney v. Boston five Cents Savings Bank FSB, 422 Mass. 431, 436, 663 N.E. 2d 811, 815 (1996). Both parties should pay particular notice to the doctrine of merger.
14. Doctrine of Merger: When one party holds both a fee interest in property and lien on the same property, the lesser interest will merge into the greater interest. See Alladin Heating Corp. v. Trustee of the Central States Pension Plan, 93, Nev. 257 (1977) (holding that whether merger occurs is dependent upon the intent of the parties). If a merger occurs, junior liens increase in priority as a result of removal the senior lien held by the lender. If there are junior liens of the property, therefore, the lender may prefer that its higher priority lien remain of record after the conveyance by the deed in lieu.
15. Another pitfall is that if the borrower files a bankruptcy, this can be considered a collusive transaction. The bankruptcy code and state law allow a bankruptcy trustee to avoid certain transfers of property that are made prior to a bankruptcy filing known as “fraudulent transfers” 11 U.S.C. Section 548(a)(1)(B); NRS 112.180,., 190. A transfer of property through a deed in lieu of foreclosure is a voluntary transfer that is not subject to the “protections” of the foreclosure process. See Main v. Brim, 75 B.R. 322, 327 (Bankr. D.Az. 1987)
Foreclosure Process in General in Nevada:
Most of the loans are premised upon continuous payments to the lenders. If these payments are not timely paid, or not continuously paid, the borrowers can start the foreclosure process. The lender reviews the loan documents and determines about the occurrence of a default. Failure to make loan payments triggers this default process. Also, it is contingent upon events which have not been corrected by payments or failure of a workout package.
A trustee under a deed of trust may exercise its statutory power of sale without the judicial intervention. In Nevada, the foreclosure is mostly a statutory foreclosure. (NRS 107.080(1)). Judicial foreclosures are also permitted under Nevada law (NRS 40.430-40.450) but judicial foreclosures are not the preferred choice in Nevada for most of the lenders because of the looming danger of the right of redemption. Upon default, the initial step is for either the beneficiary or the trustee to execute a notice of breach and election to sell, which is usually accompanied by an unrecorded Declaration of Default. (NRS 107.080(2)(b)). The beneficiary executes the notice, but the trustee records it. The notice of breach and election to see must be recorded in the county in which the property encumbered by the trust deed is situated. This notice must also be mailed (notice of breach and election to sell) by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested with postage prepaid, to the address of the trustor and to the person who holds the title of record, if known, otherwise to the address of the property. (NRS 1076.080(3)
Notice of Default and Election to Sell?
1. Must describe the property
2. Must describe the deficiency in performance of payment.
3. May contain a notice of intent to accelerate the entire unpaid balance if the terms of the obligations so permit (NRS 107.080(3).
4. Within 10 days of recording and mailing the notice of default to the trustor, copies of the notice must also be sent by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, to each person who has either (1) filed a request for a copy of the notice; or (2) holds a record interest in the property subordinate to the deed of trust being foreclosed. Additionally, 20 or more days before the sale, the trustee must mail a copy of the notice of the time and place of the sale to the same parties by register3ed or certified mail, return receipt requested. (NRS 107.090.)
5. Nevada laws make it immaterial whether the notice is actually received by the trustor. The notice is effective nonetheless. (Turner v. Dewco Services, Inc., 87 Nev. 14, 479 P. Wd 462 (1971)
6. NRS 107.080(2)(a) provides that no power of sale may be exercised unless the trustor or his successor in interest, a beneficiary under a subordinate deed of trust or any other person with a subordinate lien or encumbrance of record (referred to below as “trustor or interested person”) has, for a period of 35 days, “failed to make good the deficiency in performance or payment….” The 35-day period commences on the first day following the day upon which the notice and election is recorded and mailed to the grantor and to the record owner of the property in the manner specified above. (NRS 108.080(3). If the trustor other interested persons “make good” the deficiency in payment or performance within the 35-day period, the trustee’s power of sale may not be exercised, and the obligation may not be accelerated. NRS 107.080(2)(a), (3). The 35-day period in the statute exists independently of any notice or cure periods contained the applicable notes or deeds of trust. If the notice of breach contains a permitted election to accelerate and the breach is not cured within the 35-day period, the trustor or other interested persons can thereafter only prevent the sale by tendering the entire unpaid balance of the obligation, as well as any costs, fees and expenses incidents to the preparation or recordation of the notice and incident to the making good of the deficiency in performance or payment (NRS 107.080(3).
What is the Procedure for Trustee’s Sale?
When three months have elapsed from the date of the recordation of the notice of breach and election to sell, the trustee may give notice of the time and place of the trustee’s sale, which notice must be given in accordance with the statutory provisions for execution sales of real property – posted notice in three public places for 20 successive days and published once a week for three consecutive weeks. (NRS 107.080(4);231.130(1)©. The trustee’s sale may be held at the office of the trustee anywhere in Nevada, even if it is not in the county where the property being sold is located. (NRS 107.080(4).
If the power of sale is exercised in compliance with the Nevada statute, the purchaser is vested with the title of the trustor, without equity or right of redemption NRS 107.080(5.
What are the Guarantor’s Rights to Notice and Subrogation?
The notice of breach and election to sell must be mailed by certified mail, postage prepaid, to each guarantor or surety of the debt at the address of each if known, or at the address of the trust property. The notice must also be mailed to any other obligor who has filed a request for a copy of the notice under NRS107.090. Failure to provide such notice would release that guarantor, surety or obligor from liability on the obligation. (NRS 107.095(1).
Under NRs 107.095(3) a guaranty, surety or other obligor is not released if the required notice is give at least fifteen (15) days before the later of the expiration of the 35-day period described in NRs 107.080 or any extension of that period by the beneficiary, or if the notice of default is rescinded before the sale id advertised.
Upon full satisfaction by the guarantor, surety or other obligor, other than the trustor, of the indebtedness secured by a mortgage or lien, the paying guarantor or obligor is entitled to enforce every remedy which the beneficiary has against the trustor, and is entitled to an assignment from the beneficiary of all of the rights the beneficiary then has by way of security for the payment or performance of the trustor. NRS 40-475 (1989). Such an obligor is also entitled to subrogation, junior only to the secured lender’s rights, in the case of partial satisfaction of the indebtedness. (NRS 40.485 (1989). These rights may only be waived by the guarantor, surety or other obligor after default. NRs 40.495(1)(1989)
What are the rights under One Action Rule?
In Nevada, a deficiency judgment can be filed under non statutory foreclosure provisions without having filed a judicial foreclosure.
What is a deed of Trust in Nevada?
The most common type of security interest in real property in Nevada is a Deed of Trust. A DOT has three parties.
Lender: It is the first party who is referred to as “Beneficiary.”
Borrower: It is the second party who is referred to as the “Maker”, or “Grantor”, or “Trustor” who conveys legal title to the property to the Trustee.
Trustee: This is the third party who holds legal title to the property.
Process: A DOT can be foreclosed in a simple process and cheaper as well. A Trustee sells the property encumbered by the DOT. All the lender needs to do in order to foreclose on a DOT is to determine that an even of default has occurred under the DOT and have the trustee conduct non-judicial foreclosure proceedings. Here, in Nevada, the trustee sale does not entail redemption. The borrower, in Nevada, does not have the statutory rights of redemption unlike the judicial foreclosure where the right of redemption lasts one year. Compare NRs 107.080(5) (no right of redemption in a foreclosure on a DOT ) with NRs 21.210 (one year period of redemption)
Determination of Default.
Your default notice also consists of a determination of default. It can be monetary or non monetary. Monetary is when it is linked to borrowers failure to pay, failure to pay property taxes, failure to pay homeowners association assessments and failure to pay special improvements and other assessments against the property. The non monetary events of default are spelled out in the notice of default and Deed of Trust as well as related loan documents. They can be failure to insure property, the failure to maintain debt service coverage ratios and waste.
Acceleration of Obligation:
A trustee under a deed of trust may exercise its statutory power of sale (commencement of foreclosure process) without judicial intervention in Nevada. NRs 107.080(1). Judicial foreclosure is also permitted under Nevada laws though seldom exercised. (NRs 40.430-40-450). They carry with them a one year right of redemption which lenders does not like it as they like to close this chapter once for all.
Steps in Foreclosure:
1. The beneficiary or the trustee to execute a notice of breach and election to sell which is usually accompanied by an unrecorded Declaration of Default. (NRS 107.080(2)(b). The beneficiary executes the notice, but the trustee records it. The notice of breach and election to sell must be recorded in the county in which the property encumbered by the trust deed is situated. The notice of breach and election to sell must also be mailed by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested with postage prepaid, to the address of the trustor and to the person who holds the title of record, if known, otherwise to the address of the property. (NRS 1076.080(3).
2. The notice and election must describe the deficiency in performance or payment, and may contain a notice of intent to accelerate the entire unpaid balance if the terms of the obligation so permit. (NRS 107.080(3).
3. Within ten days of recording and mailing to the trustor the notice of default, copies of the notice must also be sent by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, to each person who had either (1) filed a request for a copy of the notice; or (2) holds a record interest in the property subordinate to the deed of trust being foreclosed. Additionally, 20 or more days before the sale, the trustee must mail a copy of the notice of the time and place of the sale to the same parties by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested. (NRS 107.90)
4. Under Nevada law, it is immaterial whether the notice is actually received by the trustor. Turner v. Dewco Services, Inc., 87 Nev 14. 479 P.2d 462 (1971).
5. NRS 107.080(2)(a) provides that no power of sale may be exercised unless the trustor or his successor in interest, a beneficiary under a subordinate deed of trust or any other person with a subordinate lien or encumbrance of record (trustor or interested persons) has, for a period of 35 days, “failed to make good the deficiency in performance or payment….” The 35-day period commences on the first day following the day upon which the notice and election is recorded and mailed to the grantor and to the record owner of the property in the manner specified above. NRS 107.080(3). If the trustor or other interested person “make good” the deficiency in payment or performance within 35-day period, the trustee’s power of sale may not be exercised, and the obligation may not be accelerated. NRs 107.80(2)(a), (3). The 35-day period in the statue exists independently of any notice or cure periods contained in the applicable notes or deeds of trust. If the notice of breach contains a permitted election to accelerate and the breach is not cured within the 35-day period, the trustor or other interested persons can thereafter only prevent the sale by tendering the entire unpaid balance of the obligation, as well as any costs, fees and expenses incident to the preparation or recordation of the notice and incident to the making good of the deficiency in performance or payment. NRS 107.080(3).
6. Nevada Revised Statutes Chapter 107 governs Deeds of Trusts. The transfer of real property may be made in trust to secure loans and other obligations. See NRs 107.020. In the event a transfer is made in trust to secure payment, the Trustee is granted a power of sale which may be exercised if an event of default has occurred. See generally NRS 107.080.
How a Foreclosure Process in Nevada is Commenced?
1. The lender must first determine that an event of default has taken place.
2. The lender employs the Trustee or a successor.
3. The Trustee will prepare and record in the Office of the County of Records of the County in which the property is located a Notice of Default and Election To Sell. (NRS 107.080.
4. The Notice of Default and Election to Sell must be mailed by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested Election to Sell must be mailed by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested and postage prepaid, to the grantor of the Deed of Trust, the person who holds title of record on the date of the Notice of Default and Election to Sell, each guarantor or surety of the debt, NRS 107.095(1), and any person who recorded a request for a Notice of Default and Election to Sell. (NRS 107.090.
5. On the first day after the Notice of Default and Election to Sell is recorded and sent by mail to all interested parties, the borrower and the other obligors are then given 35 days to make good the deficiency in payment or performance. NRs 107.080(2)(a)(2). This essentially allows the borrower or other obligors to de-accelerate the default under the Deed of Trust and terminate the foreclosure proceedings.
6. In the event the borrower or other party in interest fails to cure the deficiency in payment or performance, the Trustee must wait until the expiration of three months following the recording of the Notice of Default and Election to Sell (55 days after the 35 day reinstatement period expires) before giving notice of the time and the place for the sale of the real property (NRS 107.080). The notice of the time and place for the sale of the real property must be published in accordance with Nevada’s execution statutes.
Requirements of Publication for the Notice Under Nevada LawsNevada statute requires the following publication of the notice of the date, time and place of the sale:
(1) Personal service or service by registered mail to the last known address of each person entitled to Notice of Default and Election to Sell;
(2) The posting of a similar notice particularly describing the property , for twenty days successively, in three public places of the township or city where the property is situated in or where the property is to be sold; and
(3) Publishing a copy of the Notice three times, once each week for three successive weeks, in a newspaper, if there is one the county. (NRS 21.130(c).
(4) In addition to the notice required by Nevada’s execution statutes, the Trustee is required to, at least twenty days before the date of the sale, deposit in the United States mail and envelope, registered or certified, return receipt requested and with postage prepaid, containing a copy of the Notice of time and place of sale, addressed to each person who has recorded a Request for Notice of Default and Sale. See NRS 107.090(4).
(5) If the Trustee fails to give any person liable to the beneficiary or any other person who has requested a Notice of Default and Sale the required notices, that person may be released of its obligation to the lender. NRs 107.095.
(6) NRs 107.080(4) allows the Trustee to conduct the sale at the Trustee’s office.
(7) At the foreclosure sale, the Trustee may sell the real property by public auction. Generally, the lender will provide the trustee with a minimum credit bid before the foreclosure sale. The amount of the credit bid may be for the full amount of the debt owed to the beneficiary or only a portion of what is owed to the beneficiary. Any person or entity may attend the foreclosure sale and bid for the real property.
What is Nevada’s “One Action Rule”?Nevada has adopted a one-action rule. It provides that there may be only one action to collect a debt secured by a mortgage or other lien. The Nevada One Action rules provides: (NRs 40.430(1)-(3).
1. There may be but one action for the recovery of any debt, or for the enforcement of any right secured by a mortgage or other lien upon real estate. That action must be in accordance with the provision of this section and NRS 40.433 to 40.459, inclusive. In that action, the judgment must be rendered for the amount found due the plaintiff, and the court, by its decree or judgment, may direct a sale or the encumbered property, or such part thereof as is necessary, and apply the proceeds of the sale as provided in NRs 40.462.
2. This section must be construed to permit a secured creditor to realize upon the collateral for a debt or other obligation agreed upon by the debtor and creditor when the debt or other obligation was incurred.
3. A sale directed by the court pursuant to subsection 1 must be conducted in the same manner as the sale of real property upon execution, by the sheriff of the county in which the encumbered land is situated, and if the encumbered land is situated in two or more counties, the court shall direct the sheriff of one of the counties to conduct the sale with like proceedings and effect as if the whole of the encumbered land were situated in that county.
Conclusion: The Foreclosure--The End of the Dream:
The foreclosure is the final and definitive step and the end of the whole nightmare process. There is no right of redemption for a non judicial foreclosure in Nevada. The acceptance of the winning bid concludes the bidding process. The execution sale is final and deprives the debtor of any entitlement to the rights of ownership in the property. It is final elimination of any liens on the property along with the junior encumbrances.
What is right of Redemption?
Few words on redemption: The foreclosure process may not be final unless a final remedy can be exercise in Nevada, and that is called right of redemption. There is no redemption in non judicial foreclosures. However, there is one year period of redemption in a judicial foreclosure sale in Nevada. Right of redemption is paying off all the existing monetary obligations up to and before the final fall of the hammer. The full amount may consist of all delinquent amounts, plus interest and attorney fees and other publication costs. Under Nevada law, there are no rights of redemption in connection with a properly conducted non-judicial foreclosure sale. NRS 107.080(5). There is one year right of redemption in a judicial foreclosure sale (NRS 21.210)
What is Deficiency Judgment, and Where This Money Will Come From?
As it is happening quite often these days, the Trustee will sell property at a foreclosure sale for less than the amount which is owed to the creditor or beneficiary under the Deed of Trust. Deficiency judgments are governed by NRs 40.451 to 40.459. The beneficiary must file the deficiency action within six (6) months after the date of the foreclosure sale or the deficiency action will be time barred. Specifically, NRs 40.455(1) provides:
Upon application of the judgment creditor or the beneficiary of the deed of trust within six months after the date of the foreclosure sale or the Trustee’s sale held pursuant to NRs 107.080, respectively, and after the required hearing, the court shall award a deficiency judgment to the judgment creditor or beneficiary of the deed of trust if it appears from the sheriff’s return or the recital of consideration and the trustee’s deed that there is a deficiency of the proceeds of the sale and a balance remaining due to the judgment creditor or the beneficiary of the deed of trust, respectively. NRS 40.455(1)
Nevada law places stringent limitations on the amount of a money judgment, which may be recovered against the debtor, guarantor or surety who is personally liable for the deficiency. The court shall not render a deficiency judgment for more than:
1. The amount by which the amount of the indebtedness which was secured exceeds the fair market value of the property sold at the time of the sale, with interest from the date of the sale; or
2. The amount which is the difference between the amounts for which the property was actually sold and the amount of the indebtedness which was secured, with interest from the date of sale, whichever is the lessor amount.
3. The court may also consider expert appraisal testimony to evaluate the fair value of the property.
4. The junior lien holder if their rights are not properly extinguished, can also sue for deficiency judgment.
5. Nevada law provides that the anti deficiency legislation protects a guarantor and any other entity that is personally liable for the debt. See generally NRS 40.459.
How, Whys, and Defense?
By
Malik W. Ahmad Attorney at Law
[Malik Ahmad is a licensed attorney and admitted to practice to the Supreme Court of Nevada]
All loans in real estate property are considered secured loans. Whenever there is collateral attached to a loan, it is called secured loan. Unsecured loans are mostly credit cards loans and which have no collateral attached with them. Here, in Nevada, and in the real estate context, all loans are secured because they are attached with property. When a loan secured by your lender goes into default, the secured creditor has a right to initiate foreclosure proceedings to take over this collateral. The lender has two choices, one is judicial foreclosure, and the other is non judicial or statutory foreclosure. Also, these days lenders are using other tactics like workout package, surrender deed in lieu of foreclosure, short sale, and of course the much touted loan modifications. A foreclosure happens much after all these remedies or solutions are exhausted. Lenders does not like to lose money and like the homeowners likes to pursue all of the options at all the times. A workout package may or may not work because the lender is exploring all the choices where the homeowners can be made current. In a workout package, the lender sees your financial situation, the nature and value of your collateral and whether there are advantages which can be accomplished through the workout package. In almost all cases, sooner you talk to your lenders; they would suggest a workout package. The lender may send a workout package. Also, it may follow a forbearance period. There is no uniform method of conducting such negotiation, each lender has their different guidelines and of course very skilled negotiator for this purpose.
A deed in lieu of foreclosure:
The borrower executes a deed where he conveys the property to the secured creditor in lieu of conducting the foreclosure sale. This way the lender becomes the owner of the property without going through the hassle of foreclosing and avoiding extra expenditure of publication. It is a voluntary matter from the borrower where no money in return can be expected. Sometime the borrower offers some money in exchange of clean returning the keys and up keeping the property during the transition times.
This paper, however, only discusses situation after the workout package is exhausted or not discussed. There are some advantages of deed in lieu of foreclosure:
1. Quick negotiation process.
2. Borrower avoids negative publicity.
3. Less expensive for the lenders, does not pay for publication of notices.
4. No recordation of documents with the county or recorders office.
5. There is no public record of any kind created.
6. Borrower may obtain some legal as well financial concession from the lender.
7. May stay in the property for sometime without paying any mortgage payments.
8. The foreclosure process is lengthy and parties can avoid for some mutual benefits.
9. Lenders can do to avoid potential bankruptcy problems.
10. The borrower can negotiate the reporting of foreclosure to the credit reporting agencies. A foreclosure on a credit agency is extremely damaging, and the creditors may be approached to report such foreclosure in a more human and decent way.
11. The lenders can have an immediate possession of the property.
12. A deed in lieu of foreclosure does not eliminate junior encumbrances. The lender that takes a deed in lieu of foreclosure takes the title subject to those junior encumbrances. The lender takes over these encumbrances and therefore the rights of secondary lien holders.
13. The lenders who accepts this deed in lieu of foreclosure also loses the right to pursue a deficiency judgment against the borrowers or guarantors either as a matter of law or as a matter of contract. See Maloney v. Boston five Cents Savings Bank FSB, 422 Mass. 431, 436, 663 N.E. 2d 811, 815 (1996). Both parties should pay particular notice to the doctrine of merger.
14. Doctrine of Merger: When one party holds both a fee interest in property and lien on the same property, the lesser interest will merge into the greater interest. See Alladin Heating Corp. v. Trustee of the Central States Pension Plan, 93, Nev. 257 (1977) (holding that whether merger occurs is dependent upon the intent of the parties). If a merger occurs, junior liens increase in priority as a result of removal the senior lien held by the lender. If there are junior liens of the property, therefore, the lender may prefer that its higher priority lien remain of record after the conveyance by the deed in lieu.
15. Another pitfall is that if the borrower files a bankruptcy, this can be considered a collusive transaction. The bankruptcy code and state law allow a bankruptcy trustee to avoid certain transfers of property that are made prior to a bankruptcy filing known as “fraudulent transfers” 11 U.S.C. Section 548(a)(1)(B); NRS 112.180,., 190. A transfer of property through a deed in lieu of foreclosure is a voluntary transfer that is not subject to the “protections” of the foreclosure process. See Main v. Brim, 75 B.R. 322, 327 (Bankr. D.Az. 1987)
Foreclosure Process in General in Nevada:
Most of the loans are premised upon continuous payments to the lenders. If these payments are not timely paid, or not continuously paid, the borrowers can start the foreclosure process. The lender reviews the loan documents and determines about the occurrence of a default. Failure to make loan payments triggers this default process. Also, it is contingent upon events which have not been corrected by payments or failure of a workout package.
A trustee under a deed of trust may exercise its statutory power of sale without the judicial intervention. In Nevada, the foreclosure is mostly a statutory foreclosure. (NRS 107.080(1)). Judicial foreclosures are also permitted under Nevada law (NRS 40.430-40.450) but judicial foreclosures are not the preferred choice in Nevada for most of the lenders because of the looming danger of the right of redemption. Upon default, the initial step is for either the beneficiary or the trustee to execute a notice of breach and election to sell, which is usually accompanied by an unrecorded Declaration of Default. (NRS 107.080(2)(b)). The beneficiary executes the notice, but the trustee records it. The notice of breach and election to see must be recorded in the county in which the property encumbered by the trust deed is situated. This notice must also be mailed (notice of breach and election to sell) by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested with postage prepaid, to the address of the trustor and to the person who holds the title of record, if known, otherwise to the address of the property. (NRS 1076.080(3)
Notice of Default and Election to Sell?
1. Must describe the property
2. Must describe the deficiency in performance of payment.
3. May contain a notice of intent to accelerate the entire unpaid balance if the terms of the obligations so permit (NRS 107.080(3).
4. Within 10 days of recording and mailing the notice of default to the trustor, copies of the notice must also be sent by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, to each person who has either (1) filed a request for a copy of the notice; or (2) holds a record interest in the property subordinate to the deed of trust being foreclosed. Additionally, 20 or more days before the sale, the trustee must mail a copy of the notice of the time and place of the sale to the same parties by register3ed or certified mail, return receipt requested. (NRS 107.090.)
5. Nevada laws make it immaterial whether the notice is actually received by the trustor. The notice is effective nonetheless. (Turner v. Dewco Services, Inc., 87 Nev. 14, 479 P. Wd 462 (1971)
6. NRS 107.080(2)(a) provides that no power of sale may be exercised unless the trustor or his successor in interest, a beneficiary under a subordinate deed of trust or any other person with a subordinate lien or encumbrance of record (referred to below as “trustor or interested person”) has, for a period of 35 days, “failed to make good the deficiency in performance or payment….” The 35-day period commences on the first day following the day upon which the notice and election is recorded and mailed to the grantor and to the record owner of the property in the manner specified above. (NRS 108.080(3). If the trustor other interested persons “make good” the deficiency in payment or performance within the 35-day period, the trustee’s power of sale may not be exercised, and the obligation may not be accelerated. NRS 107.080(2)(a), (3). The 35-day period in the statute exists independently of any notice or cure periods contained the applicable notes or deeds of trust. If the notice of breach contains a permitted election to accelerate and the breach is not cured within the 35-day period, the trustor or other interested persons can thereafter only prevent the sale by tendering the entire unpaid balance of the obligation, as well as any costs, fees and expenses incidents to the preparation or recordation of the notice and incident to the making good of the deficiency in performance or payment (NRS 107.080(3).
What is the Procedure for Trustee’s Sale?
When three months have elapsed from the date of the recordation of the notice of breach and election to sell, the trustee may give notice of the time and place of the trustee’s sale, which notice must be given in accordance with the statutory provisions for execution sales of real property – posted notice in three public places for 20 successive days and published once a week for three consecutive weeks. (NRS 107.080(4);231.130(1)©. The trustee’s sale may be held at the office of the trustee anywhere in Nevada, even if it is not in the county where the property being sold is located. (NRS 107.080(4).
If the power of sale is exercised in compliance with the Nevada statute, the purchaser is vested with the title of the trustor, without equity or right of redemption NRS 107.080(5.
What are the Guarantor’s Rights to Notice and Subrogation?
The notice of breach and election to sell must be mailed by certified mail, postage prepaid, to each guarantor or surety of the debt at the address of each if known, or at the address of the trust property. The notice must also be mailed to any other obligor who has filed a request for a copy of the notice under NRS107.090. Failure to provide such notice would release that guarantor, surety or obligor from liability on the obligation. (NRS 107.095(1).
Under NRs 107.095(3) a guaranty, surety or other obligor is not released if the required notice is give at least fifteen (15) days before the later of the expiration of the 35-day period described in NRs 107.080 or any extension of that period by the beneficiary, or if the notice of default is rescinded before the sale id advertised.
Upon full satisfaction by the guarantor, surety or other obligor, other than the trustor, of the indebtedness secured by a mortgage or lien, the paying guarantor or obligor is entitled to enforce every remedy which the beneficiary has against the trustor, and is entitled to an assignment from the beneficiary of all of the rights the beneficiary then has by way of security for the payment or performance of the trustor. NRS 40-475 (1989). Such an obligor is also entitled to subrogation, junior only to the secured lender’s rights, in the case of partial satisfaction of the indebtedness. (NRS 40.485 (1989). These rights may only be waived by the guarantor, surety or other obligor after default. NRs 40.495(1)(1989)
What are the rights under One Action Rule?
In Nevada, a deficiency judgment can be filed under non statutory foreclosure provisions without having filed a judicial foreclosure.
What is a deed of Trust in Nevada?
The most common type of security interest in real property in Nevada is a Deed of Trust. A DOT has three parties.
Lender: It is the first party who is referred to as “Beneficiary.”
Borrower: It is the second party who is referred to as the “Maker”, or “Grantor”, or “Trustor” who conveys legal title to the property to the Trustee.
Trustee: This is the third party who holds legal title to the property.
Process: A DOT can be foreclosed in a simple process and cheaper as well. A Trustee sells the property encumbered by the DOT. All the lender needs to do in order to foreclose on a DOT is to determine that an even of default has occurred under the DOT and have the trustee conduct non-judicial foreclosure proceedings. Here, in Nevada, the trustee sale does not entail redemption. The borrower, in Nevada, does not have the statutory rights of redemption unlike the judicial foreclosure where the right of redemption lasts one year. Compare NRs 107.080(5) (no right of redemption in a foreclosure on a DOT ) with NRs 21.210 (one year period of redemption)
Determination of Default.
Your default notice also consists of a determination of default. It can be monetary or non monetary. Monetary is when it is linked to borrowers failure to pay, failure to pay property taxes, failure to pay homeowners association assessments and failure to pay special improvements and other assessments against the property. The non monetary events of default are spelled out in the notice of default and Deed of Trust as well as related loan documents. They can be failure to insure property, the failure to maintain debt service coverage ratios and waste.
Acceleration of Obligation:
A trustee under a deed of trust may exercise its statutory power of sale (commencement of foreclosure process) without judicial intervention in Nevada. NRs 107.080(1). Judicial foreclosure is also permitted under Nevada laws though seldom exercised. (NRs 40.430-40-450). They carry with them a one year right of redemption which lenders does not like it as they like to close this chapter once for all.
Steps in Foreclosure:
1. The beneficiary or the trustee to execute a notice of breach and election to sell which is usually accompanied by an unrecorded Declaration of Default. (NRS 107.080(2)(b). The beneficiary executes the notice, but the trustee records it. The notice of breach and election to sell must be recorded in the county in which the property encumbered by the trust deed is situated. The notice of breach and election to sell must also be mailed by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested with postage prepaid, to the address of the trustor and to the person who holds the title of record, if known, otherwise to the address of the property. (NRS 1076.080(3).
2. The notice and election must describe the deficiency in performance or payment, and may contain a notice of intent to accelerate the entire unpaid balance if the terms of the obligation so permit. (NRS 107.080(3).
3. Within ten days of recording and mailing to the trustor the notice of default, copies of the notice must also be sent by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, to each person who had either (1) filed a request for a copy of the notice; or (2) holds a record interest in the property subordinate to the deed of trust being foreclosed. Additionally, 20 or more days before the sale, the trustee must mail a copy of the notice of the time and place of the sale to the same parties by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested. (NRS 107.90)
4. Under Nevada law, it is immaterial whether the notice is actually received by the trustor. Turner v. Dewco Services, Inc., 87 Nev 14. 479 P.2d 462 (1971).
5. NRS 107.080(2)(a) provides that no power of sale may be exercised unless the trustor or his successor in interest, a beneficiary under a subordinate deed of trust or any other person with a subordinate lien or encumbrance of record (trustor or interested persons) has, for a period of 35 days, “failed to make good the deficiency in performance or payment….” The 35-day period commences on the first day following the day upon which the notice and election is recorded and mailed to the grantor and to the record owner of the property in the manner specified above. NRS 107.080(3). If the trustor or other interested person “make good” the deficiency in payment or performance within 35-day period, the trustee’s power of sale may not be exercised, and the obligation may not be accelerated. NRs 107.80(2)(a), (3). The 35-day period in the statue exists independently of any notice or cure periods contained in the applicable notes or deeds of trust. If the notice of breach contains a permitted election to accelerate and the breach is not cured within the 35-day period, the trustor or other interested persons can thereafter only prevent the sale by tendering the entire unpaid balance of the obligation, as well as any costs, fees and expenses incident to the preparation or recordation of the notice and incident to the making good of the deficiency in performance or payment. NRS 107.080(3).
6. Nevada Revised Statutes Chapter 107 governs Deeds of Trusts. The transfer of real property may be made in trust to secure loans and other obligations. See NRs 107.020. In the event a transfer is made in trust to secure payment, the Trustee is granted a power of sale which may be exercised if an event of default has occurred. See generally NRS 107.080.
How a Foreclosure Process in Nevada is Commenced?
1. The lender must first determine that an event of default has taken place.
2. The lender employs the Trustee or a successor.
3. The Trustee will prepare and record in the Office of the County of Records of the County in which the property is located a Notice of Default and Election To Sell. (NRS 107.080.
4. The Notice of Default and Election to Sell must be mailed by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested Election to Sell must be mailed by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested and postage prepaid, to the grantor of the Deed of Trust, the person who holds title of record on the date of the Notice of Default and Election to Sell, each guarantor or surety of the debt, NRS 107.095(1), and any person who recorded a request for a Notice of Default and Election to Sell. (NRS 107.090.
5. On the first day after the Notice of Default and Election to Sell is recorded and sent by mail to all interested parties, the borrower and the other obligors are then given 35 days to make good the deficiency in payment or performance. NRs 107.080(2)(a)(2). This essentially allows the borrower or other obligors to de-accelerate the default under the Deed of Trust and terminate the foreclosure proceedings.
6. In the event the borrower or other party in interest fails to cure the deficiency in payment or performance, the Trustee must wait until the expiration of three months following the recording of the Notice of Default and Election to Sell (55 days after the 35 day reinstatement period expires) before giving notice of the time and the place for the sale of the real property (NRS 107.080). The notice of the time and place for the sale of the real property must be published in accordance with Nevada’s execution statutes.
Requirements of Publication for the Notice Under Nevada LawsNevada statute requires the following publication of the notice of the date, time and place of the sale:
(1) Personal service or service by registered mail to the last known address of each person entitled to Notice of Default and Election to Sell;
(2) The posting of a similar notice particularly describing the property , for twenty days successively, in three public places of the township or city where the property is situated in or where the property is to be sold; and
(3) Publishing a copy of the Notice three times, once each week for three successive weeks, in a newspaper, if there is one the county. (NRS 21.130(c).
(4) In addition to the notice required by Nevada’s execution statutes, the Trustee is required to, at least twenty days before the date of the sale, deposit in the United States mail and envelope, registered or certified, return receipt requested and with postage prepaid, containing a copy of the Notice of time and place of sale, addressed to each person who has recorded a Request for Notice of Default and Sale. See NRS 107.090(4).
(5) If the Trustee fails to give any person liable to the beneficiary or any other person who has requested a Notice of Default and Sale the required notices, that person may be released of its obligation to the lender. NRs 107.095.
(6) NRs 107.080(4) allows the Trustee to conduct the sale at the Trustee’s office.
(7) At the foreclosure sale, the Trustee may sell the real property by public auction. Generally, the lender will provide the trustee with a minimum credit bid before the foreclosure sale. The amount of the credit bid may be for the full amount of the debt owed to the beneficiary or only a portion of what is owed to the beneficiary. Any person or entity may attend the foreclosure sale and bid for the real property.
What is Nevada’s “One Action Rule”?Nevada has adopted a one-action rule. It provides that there may be only one action to collect a debt secured by a mortgage or other lien. The Nevada One Action rules provides: (NRs 40.430(1)-(3).
1. There may be but one action for the recovery of any debt, or for the enforcement of any right secured by a mortgage or other lien upon real estate. That action must be in accordance with the provision of this section and NRS 40.433 to 40.459, inclusive. In that action, the judgment must be rendered for the amount found due the plaintiff, and the court, by its decree or judgment, may direct a sale or the encumbered property, or such part thereof as is necessary, and apply the proceeds of the sale as provided in NRs 40.462.
2. This section must be construed to permit a secured creditor to realize upon the collateral for a debt or other obligation agreed upon by the debtor and creditor when the debt or other obligation was incurred.
3. A sale directed by the court pursuant to subsection 1 must be conducted in the same manner as the sale of real property upon execution, by the sheriff of the county in which the encumbered land is situated, and if the encumbered land is situated in two or more counties, the court shall direct the sheriff of one of the counties to conduct the sale with like proceedings and effect as if the whole of the encumbered land were situated in that county.
Conclusion: The Foreclosure--The End of the Dream:
The foreclosure is the final and definitive step and the end of the whole nightmare process. There is no right of redemption for a non judicial foreclosure in Nevada. The acceptance of the winning bid concludes the bidding process. The execution sale is final and deprives the debtor of any entitlement to the rights of ownership in the property. It is final elimination of any liens on the property along with the junior encumbrances.
What is right of Redemption?
Few words on redemption: The foreclosure process may not be final unless a final remedy can be exercise in Nevada, and that is called right of redemption. There is no redemption in non judicial foreclosures. However, there is one year period of redemption in a judicial foreclosure sale in Nevada. Right of redemption is paying off all the existing monetary obligations up to and before the final fall of the hammer. The full amount may consist of all delinquent amounts, plus interest and attorney fees and other publication costs. Under Nevada law, there are no rights of redemption in connection with a properly conducted non-judicial foreclosure sale. NRS 107.080(5). There is one year right of redemption in a judicial foreclosure sale (NRS 21.210)
What is Deficiency Judgment, and Where This Money Will Come From?
As it is happening quite often these days, the Trustee will sell property at a foreclosure sale for less than the amount which is owed to the creditor or beneficiary under the Deed of Trust. Deficiency judgments are governed by NRs 40.451 to 40.459. The beneficiary must file the deficiency action within six (6) months after the date of the foreclosure sale or the deficiency action will be time barred. Specifically, NRs 40.455(1) provides:
Upon application of the judgment creditor or the beneficiary of the deed of trust within six months after the date of the foreclosure sale or the Trustee’s sale held pursuant to NRs 107.080, respectively, and after the required hearing, the court shall award a deficiency judgment to the judgment creditor or beneficiary of the deed of trust if it appears from the sheriff’s return or the recital of consideration and the trustee’s deed that there is a deficiency of the proceeds of the sale and a balance remaining due to the judgment creditor or the beneficiary of the deed of trust, respectively. NRS 40.455(1)
Nevada law places stringent limitations on the amount of a money judgment, which may be recovered against the debtor, guarantor or surety who is personally liable for the deficiency. The court shall not render a deficiency judgment for more than:
1. The amount by which the amount of the indebtedness which was secured exceeds the fair market value of the property sold at the time of the sale, with interest from the date of the sale; or
2. The amount which is the difference between the amounts for which the property was actually sold and the amount of the indebtedness which was secured, with interest from the date of sale, whichever is the lessor amount.
3. The court may also consider expert appraisal testimony to evaluate the fair value of the property.
4. The junior lien holder if their rights are not properly extinguished, can also sue for deficiency judgment.
5. Nevada law provides that the anti deficiency legislation protects a guarantor and any other entity that is personally liable for the debt. See generally NRS 40.459.
How to Write An Economic Hardship Letter?
How to Write An Economic Hardship Letter?
By: Malik Ahmad Attorney at Law. (No copy rights, Use it extensively with your own revision at your own risk. No legal advice is meant and provided here.
[Malik Ahmad is a Las Vegas Attorney having his own law office. He is admitted to all the courts in the state of Nevada. His areas of practice include real estate, bankruptcy and loan modification].
By far writing and inclusion of a hardship letter is a must (a sine quo nun to use the legal lingo) and most sought after requirement by your lenders. This hardship letter does not require and asking for the best English language writing skills but at least it requires a strong composition which at least details all the hardship you are presently suffering. Here, in this brief article I am going to touch all those spots on which your lender may base their loan modification decision. Remember, the other supporting documents your lender requires are the bank statements, the tax record for two years and the paystubs. Almost every lender requires this hardship letter. Here, I am giving first all the hardship point which may or may not be required in each and every case, but which you can edit to suit your particular needs.
1. Hardship about yourself:
You are telling your own story. Write like a story.
“I had a continuous job at the IBM for the last 7 years, and the company shut down the local plant. Consequently, I was laid off from work. I have been looking for work for quite some time. Initially, I was drawing unemployment compensation, but since last few weeks (or months) I have ran out of this compensation. I almost send my resume to various employers. Due to the current hardship, I am not getting many responses.
“We barely are making our normal household expenses. If you look at our history of mortgage payments, you would see that we had a pattern of timely payments on our mortgage since originally we bought this home in 1999. It is only three months ago when we were first delinquent. We though we would catch up. Initially, we borrowed from our lines of equity, but that has been cut down and now frozen by our bank. We do not like to borrow from family and friends at this time.”
2. About Your Family:
“Luckily, my wife is still employed. She is employed as a registered nurse at the local hospital. She used to work overtime, but because of the depressing conditions, the hospital had cut down her overtime. Additionally, she worked part time but recently the County had laid down its benefit program for the indigent”.
“We had lately an extended family in our home as parents of my wife had joined us. My 82 mother in law is in frail health accompanied by my 92 years old father in law. Presently, both are living with because they rural place where they lived had no modern medical facilities. My mother in law is suffering from Alzheimer. My wife had to take her quite often to the local professional medical offices. They had to go at least three times a week. Even though our in laws sometime contribute in household things but largely we bear the expenses.”
“Unfortunately, our 10 year old son was diagnosed with the disease of the liver. We had to buy the latest medicine which is not covered by our health plan, and there is no generic substitute of these medicines. We had to spend an upward of $300 every month on these medicines.”
“We had recently borrowed $20,000 from our pension and which was spent on paying all the old bills. We ran out this money quickly, and now the Pension Fund has placed severe restrictions on any more withdrawal.”
“My wife who worked as a registered nurse in the local hospital always wanted to pursue a master degree in public health administration (MBA, Public Administration, Nurse Practitioner etc). She has enrolled in the University of Nevada in their master program where one more year has left in her completion. She likes to become a university nursing teacher. Our expenses are quadrupled because of her enrollment and doing lesser numbers of hours at her regular employment”.
“I am enrolled in an MBA Program in the University of Phoenix (CPA, Law school, chef school, auto technician course, vocation schools etc). It is night program which is extended to 4 years degree program. I have almost finished the first two years. It was a wise expenditure of my savings as I was expecting a promotion in the place of my work. Hopefully, someday I would be rewarded for this hard work.”
3. General Situation:
“We had a lower interest rate initially for the first two years. We had a good FICO score and always though that we can get better interest rate. Our loan officer promised us that once we are entrenched in our home for some time, we would be eligible for better interest rate. We had not seen any better interest rate other than the fact that these interests are constantly rising. We used to pay a payment of $1650 per month, which was increased for an upward adjustment to $1850 and now since the last three months had gone up to $2450. This is an exorbitant amount which unfortunately we cannot pay. There is a choice to either pay for the basic necessities of life or pay just the mortgage only. We had also seen a sharp increase in our utilities bill including the cost of transportation. Furthermore, my commute time has been increased due to our work place relocated in far off place from my home.”
“Our loan officer always told us that our interest rate is locked at 5% percent. We were shocked when our attorney friend came to our home for a social function and we showed him our escrow papers. According to him, there are quite a few violations of RESPA and TILA. We were never provided a copy of the good faith estimate. We were not provided this entire disclosure certificate under TILA. Our attorney friend had told us that in his opinion we are a victim of some predatory lending practices, and that we should seek an immediate legal help. He also told us to seek some forensic loan audit.”
“We are not litigious people. At this time we are requesting a loan modification with a significant decrease in our interest rate as well as a reduction in our principal balance. We are not delinquent kind of people. We like this home, and like to continue staying here. This has been a part of our American Dream. Our economic hardship is temporary and hopefully would resolve in next few years. At this time we are requesting a loan modification with a significant decrease in our interest rate as well principal. Interest rates are historically low and your bank had also accepted federal bailout money. We do not anticipate another loan modification, and if this done right we would abide by all the terms and conditions set by it.
More later.
By: Malik Ahmad Attorney at Law. (No copy rights, Use it extensively with your own revision at your own risk. No legal advice is meant and provided here.
[Malik Ahmad is a Las Vegas Attorney having his own law office. He is admitted to all the courts in the state of Nevada. His areas of practice include real estate, bankruptcy and loan modification].
By far writing and inclusion of a hardship letter is a must (a sine quo nun to use the legal lingo) and most sought after requirement by your lenders. This hardship letter does not require and asking for the best English language writing skills but at least it requires a strong composition which at least details all the hardship you are presently suffering. Here, in this brief article I am going to touch all those spots on which your lender may base their loan modification decision. Remember, the other supporting documents your lender requires are the bank statements, the tax record for two years and the paystubs. Almost every lender requires this hardship letter. Here, I am giving first all the hardship point which may or may not be required in each and every case, but which you can edit to suit your particular needs.
1. Hardship about yourself:
You are telling your own story. Write like a story.
“I had a continuous job at the IBM for the last 7 years, and the company shut down the local plant. Consequently, I was laid off from work. I have been looking for work for quite some time. Initially, I was drawing unemployment compensation, but since last few weeks (or months) I have ran out of this compensation. I almost send my resume to various employers. Due to the current hardship, I am not getting many responses.
“We barely are making our normal household expenses. If you look at our history of mortgage payments, you would see that we had a pattern of timely payments on our mortgage since originally we bought this home in 1999. It is only three months ago when we were first delinquent. We though we would catch up. Initially, we borrowed from our lines of equity, but that has been cut down and now frozen by our bank. We do not like to borrow from family and friends at this time.”
2. About Your Family:
“Luckily, my wife is still employed. She is employed as a registered nurse at the local hospital. She used to work overtime, but because of the depressing conditions, the hospital had cut down her overtime. Additionally, she worked part time but recently the County had laid down its benefit program for the indigent”.
“We had lately an extended family in our home as parents of my wife had joined us. My 82 mother in law is in frail health accompanied by my 92 years old father in law. Presently, both are living with because they rural place where they lived had no modern medical facilities. My mother in law is suffering from Alzheimer. My wife had to take her quite often to the local professional medical offices. They had to go at least three times a week. Even though our in laws sometime contribute in household things but largely we bear the expenses.”
“Unfortunately, our 10 year old son was diagnosed with the disease of the liver. We had to buy the latest medicine which is not covered by our health plan, and there is no generic substitute of these medicines. We had to spend an upward of $300 every month on these medicines.”
“We had recently borrowed $20,000 from our pension and which was spent on paying all the old bills. We ran out this money quickly, and now the Pension Fund has placed severe restrictions on any more withdrawal.”
“My wife who worked as a registered nurse in the local hospital always wanted to pursue a master degree in public health administration (MBA, Public Administration, Nurse Practitioner etc). She has enrolled in the University of Nevada in their master program where one more year has left in her completion. She likes to become a university nursing teacher. Our expenses are quadrupled because of her enrollment and doing lesser numbers of hours at her regular employment”.
“I am enrolled in an MBA Program in the University of Phoenix (CPA, Law school, chef school, auto technician course, vocation schools etc). It is night program which is extended to 4 years degree program. I have almost finished the first two years. It was a wise expenditure of my savings as I was expecting a promotion in the place of my work. Hopefully, someday I would be rewarded for this hard work.”
3. General Situation:
“We had a lower interest rate initially for the first two years. We had a good FICO score and always though that we can get better interest rate. Our loan officer promised us that once we are entrenched in our home for some time, we would be eligible for better interest rate. We had not seen any better interest rate other than the fact that these interests are constantly rising. We used to pay a payment of $1650 per month, which was increased for an upward adjustment to $1850 and now since the last three months had gone up to $2450. This is an exorbitant amount which unfortunately we cannot pay. There is a choice to either pay for the basic necessities of life or pay just the mortgage only. We had also seen a sharp increase in our utilities bill including the cost of transportation. Furthermore, my commute time has been increased due to our work place relocated in far off place from my home.”
“Our loan officer always told us that our interest rate is locked at 5% percent. We were shocked when our attorney friend came to our home for a social function and we showed him our escrow papers. According to him, there are quite a few violations of RESPA and TILA. We were never provided a copy of the good faith estimate. We were not provided this entire disclosure certificate under TILA. Our attorney friend had told us that in his opinion we are a victim of some predatory lending practices, and that we should seek an immediate legal help. He also told us to seek some forensic loan audit.”
“We are not litigious people. At this time we are requesting a loan modification with a significant decrease in our interest rate as well as a reduction in our principal balance. We are not delinquent kind of people. We like this home, and like to continue staying here. This has been a part of our American Dream. Our economic hardship is temporary and hopefully would resolve in next few years. At this time we are requesting a loan modification with a significant decrease in our interest rate as well principal. Interest rates are historically low and your bank had also accepted federal bailout money. We do not anticipate another loan modification, and if this done right we would abide by all the terms and conditions set by it.
More later.
Myths & Mysteries About Loan Modifications
Myths and Mysteries: Loan Modifications
January 22nd, 2009
Attorney at Law Malik Ahmad [Malik Ahmad is a Nevada licnesed attorney and admitted to practice in Supreme Court of Nevada]
Today, we are going to address lots of myths associated with loan modification process. Most of this myth and mysteries are floated and propagated by scam loan artists, and inexperienced people. For instance, there is a lots of myth surrounding the whole lending process and services associated with lenders, new regulations, rate of interest, whether you would not have to pay back the HELOC loan, whether you really have to be delinquent. I had made a list of all of these and in this short article would address all those issues one by one. Again, like I said, most of these myths are fueled by uninformed and confused people who are here to make a quick buck. In my office, I got lots of calls from this loan modification expert who are plying their trade to get a legal umbrella. You know what, I politely deny it.
First Myth:
We have done a lot of loans modification.
If someone claims that, he is telling a blatant lies. If they had tonnes of loan modification, how come we are in this crisis? The banks had a liquidity crisis, the credit was not enhanced, banks were losing money left and right, and if these claims are accepted, we would not be in this crisis at this time. They are all blatant lies. Congress just passed Housing Assistance Bill, and loan modification just started, how come these artists had made hundreds of loan modification? This is simply not possible.
The purpose of this article and more on my webpage and in my blogs is just to educate people. Education is the key to the whole process. First, if you are educated, then you would start trusting and that is the cornerstone of any business.
Second Myth:
Does one have to be delinquent on his/her mortgage payments?
Not True: Probably, your economic hardship letter may draw more attention, but other than it is not a crucial all important fact. Sometime, lender would ask questions about delinquency and why they happened. Overall, it may have some weight age, but not a whole lot.
The whole loan modification process is long, cumbersome and tedious. It requires lots of patience. Just few phone calls are not enough. One has to do lots of works. When attorneys are associated, things start moving fast. Phone calls are returned, letters are answered.
Does your Modification Plan Needs Forensic Evidence?
I laugh when I get calls from this scam artist about forensic evidence. This is the so called audit these companies do under the guise of forensic evidence. Okay, if you had found a violation, then who is going to sue? Only an attorney can sue, and he needs to find his own independent reasons. Remembers attorney can be sued for malpractice, if they have not done a due diligence of their own work and sued someone without any reason. Please be cautious when dealing with these so called forensic audit companies. Most of them are just ripping off people and making their lives more miserable. Most of the lawsuits, for instance with Countrywide had already been settled and most of the small mortgage companies had disappeared or under the bankruptcy process. So, even if they had violations, where you going to sue and the money come from. Remember, it is very expensive to sue and you had to find the right attorney for that purpose. Okay, not that I berate some of the good companies. Of course there is a whole laundry list of violations both under the Truth in Lending Laws as well as Real Estate Pratice Laws (RESPA). Hopefully, in my next session, I would give more details on all these kinds of violations. I am just briefly touching these violations here:
1. Whether all disclosures were provided you?
2. Whether an adjustable rate was given to you while you qualified based on your high FICO score for better terms?
3. Any falsification done in preparation of your loan documents.
4.Was you an unsophisticated buyer?
5. Did you receive Good Faith Estimate within 3 days of loan officers contacting you with a promise of a loan?
6. Did you receive HUD statement.
7. If you married, did your wife received separately a HUD and TILA as well as Good Faith Estimate separately, and did she sighn on each of the disclosures separately.
(More violations later.)
Now, coming back to the myths again:
Myth:
Lenders and servicers are offering principle reductions on borrowers whose mortgage balances are in the red and owe more than the home is worth.
Fact: This is possible, but not done on a regular basis. Most of the HELOCK loans can be knocked off, but not in every case. Some can be of course through a wiser a very technical application of Chapter 13. However, a wider use of this by the banks would destroy the leftover market and most of the banks would close their shops.
Myth:
>Lenders and servicers are doing everything they can to assist struggling homeowners.>
Banks are still resisting the whole thing. Deep down in their heart and minds, they are not happy with the whole situation. The whole thing was started by them, and their so called help is not very straight forward. However, there is a tremendous change in their mode of action. They are working, and hired more people, and return your phone calls swiftly. This need to be handled on a professional basis.
Myth:
Bank would contact you very soon.
Don't trust it a bit. They would not. They are the thieves in the first place. You expect WAMU contacting you? You expect Countrywide contacting you? Come on give me a break!. Of course they had hired more people, most of who are still untrained, or semi trained. They pay them $10-12 dollar an hour. They are not professionals, they are just paper collector which you contact them after staying on the phone for about 45 minutes. They are irate most of the time. Banks had taken bailout money, and would not share with you. They had other plans. They want to shore up their own portfolious and would give you only pittance. Even if they give you loan modification and especially Countrywide, it is still based on some ARMS formula. I had seen it innumerable times sending me the same proposal which in the first place started the whole finacncial meltdown.
More Myths Later.
January 22nd, 2009
Attorney at Law Malik Ahmad [Malik Ahmad is a Nevada licnesed attorney and admitted to practice in Supreme Court of Nevada]
Today, we are going to address lots of myths associated with loan modification process. Most of this myth and mysteries are floated and propagated by scam loan artists, and inexperienced people. For instance, there is a lots of myth surrounding the whole lending process and services associated with lenders, new regulations, rate of interest, whether you would not have to pay back the HELOC loan, whether you really have to be delinquent. I had made a list of all of these and in this short article would address all those issues one by one. Again, like I said, most of these myths are fueled by uninformed and confused people who are here to make a quick buck. In my office, I got lots of calls from this loan modification expert who are plying their trade to get a legal umbrella. You know what, I politely deny it.
First Myth:
We have done a lot of loans modification.
If someone claims that, he is telling a blatant lies. If they had tonnes of loan modification, how come we are in this crisis? The banks had a liquidity crisis, the credit was not enhanced, banks were losing money left and right, and if these claims are accepted, we would not be in this crisis at this time. They are all blatant lies. Congress just passed Housing Assistance Bill, and loan modification just started, how come these artists had made hundreds of loan modification? This is simply not possible.
The purpose of this article and more on my webpage and in my blogs is just to educate people. Education is the key to the whole process. First, if you are educated, then you would start trusting and that is the cornerstone of any business.
Second Myth:
Does one have to be delinquent on his/her mortgage payments?
Not True: Probably, your economic hardship letter may draw more attention, but other than it is not a crucial all important fact. Sometime, lender would ask questions about delinquency and why they happened. Overall, it may have some weight age, but not a whole lot.
The whole loan modification process is long, cumbersome and tedious. It requires lots of patience. Just few phone calls are not enough. One has to do lots of works. When attorneys are associated, things start moving fast. Phone calls are returned, letters are answered.
Does your Modification Plan Needs Forensic Evidence?
I laugh when I get calls from this scam artist about forensic evidence. This is the so called audit these companies do under the guise of forensic evidence. Okay, if you had found a violation, then who is going to sue? Only an attorney can sue, and he needs to find his own independent reasons. Remembers attorney can be sued for malpractice, if they have not done a due diligence of their own work and sued someone without any reason. Please be cautious when dealing with these so called forensic audit companies. Most of them are just ripping off people and making their lives more miserable. Most of the lawsuits, for instance with Countrywide had already been settled and most of the small mortgage companies had disappeared or under the bankruptcy process. So, even if they had violations, where you going to sue and the money come from. Remember, it is very expensive to sue and you had to find the right attorney for that purpose. Okay, not that I berate some of the good companies. Of course there is a whole laundry list of violations both under the Truth in Lending Laws as well as Real Estate Pratice Laws (RESPA). Hopefully, in my next session, I would give more details on all these kinds of violations. I am just briefly touching these violations here:
1. Whether all disclosures were provided you?
2. Whether an adjustable rate was given to you while you qualified based on your high FICO score for better terms?
3. Any falsification done in preparation of your loan documents.
4.Was you an unsophisticated buyer?
5. Did you receive Good Faith Estimate within 3 days of loan officers contacting you with a promise of a loan?
6. Did you receive HUD statement.
7. If you married, did your wife received separately a HUD and TILA as well as Good Faith Estimate separately, and did she sighn on each of the disclosures separately.
(More violations later.)
Now, coming back to the myths again:
Myth:
Lenders and servicers are offering principle reductions on borrowers whose mortgage balances are in the red and owe more than the home is worth.
Fact: This is possible, but not done on a regular basis. Most of the HELOCK loans can be knocked off, but not in every case. Some can be of course through a wiser a very technical application of Chapter 13. However, a wider use of this by the banks would destroy the leftover market and most of the banks would close their shops.
Myth:
Banks are still resisting the whole thing. Deep down in their heart and minds, they are not happy with the whole situation. The whole thing was started by them, and their so called help is not very straight forward. However, there is a tremendous change in their mode of action. They are working, and hired more people, and return your phone calls swiftly. This need to be handled on a professional basis.
Myth:
Bank would contact you very soon.
Don't trust it a bit. They would not. They are the thieves in the first place. You expect WAMU contacting you? You expect Countrywide contacting you? Come on give me a break!. Of course they had hired more people, most of who are still untrained, or semi trained. They pay them $10-12 dollar an hour. They are not professionals, they are just paper collector which you contact them after staying on the phone for about 45 minutes. They are irate most of the time. Banks had taken bailout money, and would not share with you. They had other plans. They want to shore up their own portfolious and would give you only pittance. Even if they give you loan modification and especially Countrywide, it is still based on some ARMS formula. I had seen it innumerable times sending me the same proposal which in the first place started the whole finacncial meltdown.
More Myths Later.
What Things Your Lenders Are Looking?
By Malik Ahmad attorney at law, Las Vegas, Nevada
What things your Lender is looking?
I get innumerable phone calls as well as emails from very distressed homeowners all days. Some of these homeowners shocks me when I ask them a very simple question like how much is their interest rate. It is a simple question but shockingly most of the home owners don’t know it. I was expecting this to be on their finger tips, but they either put me on hold, or just wants to call me back after finding out. Okay, here is the summary of things one need to know or what should have in their hands when calling me or any of the other licensed attorneys. Why I says licensed attorneys? Because they have a degree in law and a license from the highest court of the state. Also, most of them carries a malpractice insurance. To them their license and their integrity is the most important thing to preserve. They are required for any loan modification. Please don’t contact any scam artists in this regard, and I had posted earlier how to weed out the good ones from the bad ones. Let me write few points here for refreshing the memory of my readers.1. Does your caller has a 702 area code?2. Does he have a local address?3. Is he licensed to practice in the state of Nevada?4. Does he has an ansering machine or staff ready to connect to him.5. Again, is he easily communicable with you and with your issues. Now, since I am on the topic, let me add few things which your lender is looking for in order to give you a loan modifications.
1. The first and by far the most important thing for your lender is to decide that if they modify your loan, would you be paying the modified amount? This is the single most questions which is central in the decision making process.
2. Do you have a verifiable and documented job, and income?
2.1 Make a simple financial sheets expenses and income on each side of the page.
3. Do you suffer from a temporary or permanent hardship?
4. What kind of payment history you have?
5. What is your finacial assets and liabilities report at this time? For instance, if you can cut down some of the expenses (like cable tv), can you readjust your income according to your needs.
6. Your latest bank statements.
7. Lastly, I like to tell everyone that your lender would pull out your credit report to find out if you are current on your credit cards but missing your home payments. In their opinion, you can be delinquent on your credit card payments, but should not be behind on your mortgage payments. Personally, I think they are right. Your mortgage payment should be your top priority. Afterall, it is a legal contract between you and your lenders. Unless you have a severe hardship, you should not be getting this help. Unfortunately, most of us needs this help. That is why federal government has announced a bailout plan and helped banks to shore up the liquidity crisis.
What things your Lender is looking?
I get innumerable phone calls as well as emails from very distressed homeowners all days. Some of these homeowners shocks me when I ask them a very simple question like how much is their interest rate. It is a simple question but shockingly most of the home owners don’t know it. I was expecting this to be on their finger tips, but they either put me on hold, or just wants to call me back after finding out. Okay, here is the summary of things one need to know or what should have in their hands when calling me or any of the other licensed attorneys. Why I says licensed attorneys? Because they have a degree in law and a license from the highest court of the state. Also, most of them carries a malpractice insurance. To them their license and their integrity is the most important thing to preserve. They are required for any loan modification. Please don’t contact any scam artists in this regard, and I had posted earlier how to weed out the good ones from the bad ones. Let me write few points here for refreshing the memory of my readers.1. Does your caller has a 702 area code?2. Does he have a local address?3. Is he licensed to practice in the state of Nevada?4. Does he has an ansering machine or staff ready to connect to him.5. Again, is he easily communicable with you and with your issues. Now, since I am on the topic, let me add few things which your lender is looking for in order to give you a loan modifications.
1. The first and by far the most important thing for your lender is to decide that if they modify your loan, would you be paying the modified amount? This is the single most questions which is central in the decision making process.
2. Do you have a verifiable and documented job, and income?
2.1 Make a simple financial sheets expenses and income on each side of the page.
3. Do you suffer from a temporary or permanent hardship?
4. What kind of payment history you have?
5. What is your finacial assets and liabilities report at this time? For instance, if you can cut down some of the expenses (like cable tv), can you readjust your income according to your needs.
6. Your latest bank statements.
7. Lastly, I like to tell everyone that your lender would pull out your credit report to find out if you are current on your credit cards but missing your home payments. In their opinion, you can be delinquent on your credit card payments, but should not be behind on your mortgage payments. Personally, I think they are right. Your mortgage payment should be your top priority. Afterall, it is a legal contract between you and your lenders. Unless you have a severe hardship, you should not be getting this help. Unfortunately, most of us needs this help. That is why federal government has announced a bailout plan and helped banks to shore up the liquidity crisis.
Friday, January 23, 2009
Return of the Predators--The Perpetual Visits
Return of the Predators: The Perpetual Visits
This is an interesting article which is an editorial from NY times. All credit for this article goes to NY Times.
November 24, 2008
Editorial
Return of the Predators
The demise of the subprime mortgage industry has been hard on predatory brokers, too. They feasted for years on bad loans until reality crashed down and the money ran out, and there they were: sharks without a frenzy.
Now they are circling again. Predators of every sort have regrouped and returned to their old ways, this time as loan-modification companies, inserting themselves between hard-strapped homeowners and banks, offering to work deals — for cash up front.It’s a high-pressure, high-volume business, advertising in the usual low-rent ways: talk-radio ads, Web come-ons, fliers on car windshields. The ads are full of glossy promises, like this one for a Long Island outfit: “Reduce your mortgage rate to as low as 4%. No refinancing — no closing costs. Reduce your monthly payment. Foreclosures, late pays/bad credit okay.”It’ll cost you — in this case, 1 percent of your outstanding loan, half of it in advance.There’s often nothing illegal about this booming and largely unregulated business. Some shops are true scams, taking the money and running. But others are just immoral, profiting on fear and false hopes with expensive services that nonprofit organizations and government agencies offer for nothing.Troubled homeowners know all about the relentlessness of the loan-rescue racket: it fills their mailboxes and sends salespeople to lurk on their doorsteps. Foreclosure filings are public records, and loan modifiers routinely swarm courthouses to find leads. Loan counselors at the Long Island Housing Partnership, a respected nonprofit in Hauppauge, N.Y., tell of scammers crashing its housing workshops, posing as troubled borrowers, then working the crowd with sales pitches.And they do work hard. A call to one law firm’s toll-free number plugged on WABC radio quickly gets a call back with a hard sell. “We have a 100 percent success rate” in renegotiating loans, an operator sweetly vows, reluctant to say more until you tell her what your mortgage payment is and how far behind you are.The painful truth is that nobody has a 100 percent success rate, and not every loan is fixable. Banks have recently made public commitments to putting more effort into working loans out. But homeowners need to realize that the best way to do that is directly with the lender or through a reputable nonprofit counselor.The for-profit loan modifier’s cruelly deceptive sales pitch is that you get what you pay for. Nonprofit organizations, which work for no fee, say they can strike better deals, because they have longstanding relationships with lenders that storefront firms do not have.But that doesn’t mean that well-meaning advocates are aggressive and effective in finding people who need help. The government, banks and nonprofit organizations need to be more creative and assertive to outmaneuver the predators — to send the competing message that hope doesn’t require thousands of dollars in cash up front, although it does mean facing up to hard truths about one’s finances and future.Nonprofits frequently complain about how hard it is to get at-risk homeowners to ask for help. It’s true that people deep in debt are often embarrassed and wrapped in blankets of denial. They don’t open mail or reliably make appointments. But the good actors in this bad drama need to get better at working around that problem, before more good money is thrown after bad.
This is an interesting article which is an editorial from NY times. All credit for this article goes to NY Times.
November 24, 2008
Editorial
Return of the Predators
The demise of the subprime mortgage industry has been hard on predatory brokers, too. They feasted for years on bad loans until reality crashed down and the money ran out, and there they were: sharks without a frenzy.
Now they are circling again. Predators of every sort have regrouped and returned to their old ways, this time as loan-modification companies, inserting themselves between hard-strapped homeowners and banks, offering to work deals — for cash up front.It’s a high-pressure, high-volume business, advertising in the usual low-rent ways: talk-radio ads, Web come-ons, fliers on car windshields. The ads are full of glossy promises, like this one for a Long Island outfit: “Reduce your mortgage rate to as low as 4%. No refinancing — no closing costs. Reduce your monthly payment. Foreclosures, late pays/bad credit okay.”It’ll cost you — in this case, 1 percent of your outstanding loan, half of it in advance.There’s often nothing illegal about this booming and largely unregulated business. Some shops are true scams, taking the money and running. But others are just immoral, profiting on fear and false hopes with expensive services that nonprofit organizations and government agencies offer for nothing.Troubled homeowners know all about the relentlessness of the loan-rescue racket: it fills their mailboxes and sends salespeople to lurk on their doorsteps. Foreclosure filings are public records, and loan modifiers routinely swarm courthouses to find leads. Loan counselors at the Long Island Housing Partnership, a respected nonprofit in Hauppauge, N.Y., tell of scammers crashing its housing workshops, posing as troubled borrowers, then working the crowd with sales pitches.And they do work hard. A call to one law firm’s toll-free number plugged on WABC radio quickly gets a call back with a hard sell. “We have a 100 percent success rate” in renegotiating loans, an operator sweetly vows, reluctant to say more until you tell her what your mortgage payment is and how far behind you are.The painful truth is that nobody has a 100 percent success rate, and not every loan is fixable. Banks have recently made public commitments to putting more effort into working loans out. But homeowners need to realize that the best way to do that is directly with the lender or through a reputable nonprofit counselor.The for-profit loan modifier’s cruelly deceptive sales pitch is that you get what you pay for. Nonprofit organizations, which work for no fee, say they can strike better deals, because they have longstanding relationships with lenders that storefront firms do not have.But that doesn’t mean that well-meaning advocates are aggressive and effective in finding people who need help. The government, banks and nonprofit organizations need to be more creative and assertive to outmaneuver the predators — to send the competing message that hope doesn’t require thousands of dollars in cash up front, although it does mean facing up to hard truths about one’s finances and future.Nonprofits frequently complain about how hard it is to get at-risk homeowners to ask for help. It’s true that people deep in debt are often embarrassed and wrapped in blankets of denial. They don’t open mail or reliably make appointments. But the good actors in this bad drama need to get better at working around that problem, before more good money is thrown after bad.
What Should You Do During the Foreclosure Process?
What Should You Do During the Foreclosure Process
Mortgage Payments Sending You Reeling? Here’s What to Do
[Note: This article is taken from the Federal Trade Commission Site.]
The possibility of losing your home because you can’t make the mortgage payments can be terrifying. Perhaps you’re having trouble making ends meet because you or a family member lost a job, or you’re having other financial problems. Or maybe you’re one of the many consumers who took out a mortgage that had a fixed rate for the first two or three years and then had an adjustable rate – and you want to know what your payments will be and whether you’ll be able to make them.
Regardless of the reason for your mortgage anxiety, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), the nation’s consumer protection agency, wants you to know how to help save your home, and how to recognize and avoid foreclosure scams.
Know Your Mortgage:
Do you know what kind of mortgage you have? Do you know whether your payments are going to increase? If you can’t tell by reading the mortgage documents you received at settlement, contact your loan servicer and ask. A loan servicer is responsible for collecting your monthly loan payments and crediting your account.
Here are some examples of types of mortgages:
Hybrid Adjustable Rate Mortgages (ARMs): Mortgages that have fixed payments for a few years, and then turn into adjustable loans. Some are called 2/28 or 3/27 hybrid ARMs: the first number refers to the years the loan has a fixed rate and the second number refers to the years the loan has an adjustable rate. Others are 5/1 or 3/1 hybrid ARMs: the first number refers to the years the loan has a fixed rate, and the second number refers to how often the rate changes. In a 3/1 hybrid ARM, for example, the interest rate is fixed for three years, then adjusts every year thereafter.
ARMs: Mortgages that have adjustable rates from the start, which means your payments change over time.Fixed Rate Mortgages: Mortgages where the rate is fixed for the life of the loan; the only change in your payment would result from changes in your taxes and insurance if you have an escrow account with your loan servicer.If you have a hybrid ARM or an ARM and the payments will increase – and you have trouble making the increased payments – find out if you can refinance to a fixed-rate loan. Review your contract first, checking for prepayment penalties. Many ARMs carry prepayment penalties that force borrowers to come up with thousands of dollars if they decide to refinance within the first few years of the loan. If you’re planning to sell soon after your adjustment, refinancing may not be worth the cost. But if you’re planning to stay in your home for a while, a fixed-rate mortgage might be the way to go. Online calculators can help you determine your costs and payments.
If You’re Behind On Your Payments.
If you are having trouble making your payments, contact your loan servicer to discuss your options as early as you can. The longer you wait to call, the fewer options you will have.
Many loan servicers expanded the options available to borrowers during 2008 – it’s worth calling your servicer even if your request has been turned down before. Servicers are getting lots of calls: Be patient, and be persistent if you don’t reach your servicer on the first try.You also may want to ask if you qualify for the “HOPE for Homeowners (H4H)” program. Congress created H4H to help those at risk of default and foreclosure refinance into more affordable, sustainable loans. The program provides a new, 30-year fixed rate mortgage insured by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) if you and your lender agree to certain conditions. The program expires September 30, 2011. For more information, see www.hud.gov/foreclosure.
Avoiding Default and ForeclosureIf you have fallen behind on your payments, consider discussing the following foreclosure prevention options with your loan servicer:Reinstatement: You pay the loan servicer the entire past-due amount, plus any late fees or penalties, by a date you both agree to. This option may be appropriate if your problem paying your mortgage is temporary.
Repayment plan:
Your servicer gives you a fixed amount of time to repay the amount you are behind by adding a portion of what is past due to your regular payment. This option may be appropriate if you’ve missed a small number of payments.
Forbearance:
Your mortgage payments are reduced or suspended for a period you and your servicer agree to. At the end of that time, you resume making your regular payments as well as a lump sum payment or additional partial payments for a number of months to bring the loan current. Forbearance may be an option if your income is reduced temporarily (for example, you are on disability leave from a job, and you expect to go back to your full time position shortly). Forbearance isn’t going to help you if you’re in a home you can’t afford.
Loan modification:
You and your loan servicer agree to permanently change one or more of the terms of the mortgage contract to make your payments more manageable for you. Modifications may include reducing the interest rate, extending the term of the loan, or adding missed payments to the loan balance. A modification also may involve reducing the amount of money you owe on your primary residence by forgiving, or cancelling, a portion of the mortgage debt. Under the Mortgage Forgiveness Debt Relief Act of 2007, the forgiven debt may be excluded from income when calculating the federal taxes you owe, but it still must be reported on your federal tax return. For more information, see www.irs.gov. A loan modification may be necessary if you are facing a long-term reduction in your income or increased payments on an ARM.
Before you ask for forbearance or a loan modification, be prepared to show that you are making a good-faith effort to pay your mortgage. For example, if you can show that you’ve reduced other expenses, your loan servicer may be more likely to negotiate with you.
Selling your home: Depending on the real estate market in your area, selling your home may provide the funds you need to pay off your current mortgage debt in full.
Bankruptcy: Personal bankruptcy generally is considered the debt management option of last resort because the results are long-lasting and far-reaching. A bankruptcy stays on your credit report for 10 years, and can make it difficult to get credit, buy another home, get life insurance, or sometimes, get a job. Still, it is a legal procedure that can offer a fresh start for people who can’t satisfy their debts.If you and your loan servicer cannot agree on a repayment plan or other remedy, you may want to investigate filing Chapter 13 bankruptcy. If you have a regular income, Chapter 13 may allow you to keep property, like a mortgaged house or car, that you might otherwise lose. In Chapter 13, the court approves a repayment plan that allows you to use your future income toward payment of your debts during a three-to-five-year period, rather than surrender the property. After you have made all the payments under the plan, you receive a discharge of certain debts.
To learn more about Chapter 13, visit www.usdoj.gov/ust; it’s the website of the U.S. Trustee Program, the organization within the U.S. Department of Justice that oversees bankruptcy cases and trustees.
If you have a mortgage through the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) or Veterans Administration (VA), you may have other foreclosure alternatives. Contact the FHA (www.fha.gov) or VA (www.homeloans.va.gov) to talk about them.
Contacting Your Loan Servicer Before you have any conversation with your loan servicer, prepare. Record your income and expenses, and calculate the equity in your home. To calculate the equity, estimate the market value less the balance of your first and any second mortgage or home equity loan.
Then, write down the answers to the following questions:
What happened to make you miss your mortgage payment(s)?
Do you have any documents to back up your explanation for falling behind? How have you tried to resolve the problem?Is your problem temporary, long-term, or permanent?What changes in your situation do you see in the short term, and in the long term? What other financial issues may be stopping you from getting back on track with your mortgage?What would you like to see happen?Do you want to keep the home? What type of payment arrangement would be feasible for you?Throughout the foreclosure prevention process: Keep notes of all your communications with the servicer, including date and time of contact, the nature of the contact (face-to-face, by phone, email, fax or postal mail), the name of the representative, and the outcome.Follow up any oral requests you make with a letter to the servicer. Send your letter by certified mail, “return receipt requested,” so you can document what the servicer received. Keep copies of your letter and any enclosures.Meet all deadlines the servicer gives you.Stay in your home during the process, since you may not qualify for certain types of assistance if you move out. Renting your home will change it from a primary residence to an investment property. Most likely, it will disqualify you for any additional “workout” assistance from the servicer. If you choose this route, be sure the rental income is enough to help you get and keep your loan current.
Housing and Credit Counseling You don’t have to go through the foreclosure prevention process alone. A counselor with a housing counseling agency can assess your situation, answer your questions, go over your options, prioritize your debts, and help you prepare for discussions with your loan servicer. Housing counseling services usually are free or low cost.
While some agencies limit their counseling services to homeowners with FHA mortgages, many others offer free help to any homeowner who is having trouble making mortgage payments. Call the local office of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (www.hud.gov) or the housing authority in your state, city, or county for help in finding a legitimate housing counseling agency nearby. Or consider contacting the Homeownership Preservation Foundation (HPF) at 888-995-HOPE or www.hopenow.com. HPF is a nonprofit organization that partners with mortgage companies, local governments, and other organizations to help consumers get loan modifications and prevent foreclosures.
When choosing a counselor, beware of anyone charging large up-front fees or guaranteeing you a loan modification or other solution to stop foreclosure. They shouldn’t be charging you high fees or making any guarantees. Take your business elsewhere.
Consider Giving Up Your Home Without Foreclosure. Not every situation can be resolved through your loan servicer’s foreclosure prevention programs. If you’re not able to keep your home, or if you don’t want to keep it, consider:
Selling Your House:
Your servicers might postpone foreclosure proceedings if you have a pending sales contract or if you put your home on the market. This approach works if proceeds from the sale can pay off the entire loan balance plus the expenses connected to selling the home (for example, real estate agent fees). Such a sale would allow you to avoid late and legal fees and damage to your credit rating, and protect your equity in the property.
Short Sale:
Your servicers may allow you to sell the home yourself before it forecloses on the property, agreeing to forgive any shortfall between the sale price and the mortgage balance. This approach avoids a damaging foreclosure entry on your credit report. Under the Mortgage Forgiveness Debt Relief Act of 2007, the forgiven debt on your primary residence may be excluded from income when calculating the federal taxes you owe, but it still must be reported on your federal tax return. For more information, see www.irs.gov, and consider consulting a financial advisor, accountant, or attorney.
Deed in Lieu of Foreclosure:
You voluntarily transfer your property title to the servicers (with the servicer’s agreement) in exchange for cancellation of the remainder of your debt. Though you lose the home, a deed in lieu of foreclosure can be less damaging to your credit than a foreclosure. You will lose any equity in the property, although under the Mortgage Forgiveness Debt Relief Act of 2007, the forgiven debt on your primary residence may be excluded from income when calculating the federal taxes you owe. However, it still must be reported on your federal tax return. For more information, see www.irs.gov. A deed in lieu of foreclosure may not be an option for you if other loans or obligations are secured by the property on your home.
Be Alert to ScamsScam artists follow the headlines, and know there are homeowners falling behind in their mortgage payments or at risk for foreclosure. Their pitches may sound like a way for you to get out from under, but their intentions are as far from honorable as they can be. They mean to take your money. Among the predatory scams that have been reported are:
The foreclosure prevention specialist: The “specialist” really is a phony counselor who charges high fees in exchange for making a few phone calls or completing some paperwork that a homeowner could easily do for himself. None of the actions results in saving the home. This scam gives homeowners a false sense of hope, delays them from seeking qualified help, and exposes their personal financial information to a fraudster.
Some of these companies even use names with the word HOPE or HOPE NOW in them to confuse borrowers who are looking for assistance from the free 888-995-HOPE hotline.The lease/buy back: Homeowners are deceived into signing over the deed to their home to a scam artist who tells them they will be able to remain in the house as a renter and eventually buy it back. Usually, the terms of this scheme are so demanding that the buy-back becomes impossible, the homeowner gets evicted, and the “rescuer” walks off with most or all of the equity.The bait-and-switch: Homeowners think they are signing documents to bring the mortgage current. Instead, they are signing over the deed to their home. Homeowners usually don’t know they’ve been scammed until they get an eviction notice.For More InformationTo learn more about mortgages and other credit-related issues, visit www.ftc.gov/credit and MyMoney.gov, the U.S. government’s portal to financial education.
The FTC works for the consumer to prevent fraudulent, deceptive, and unfair business practices in the marketplace and to provide information to help consumers spot, stop, and avoid them. To file a complaint or to get free information on consumer issues, visit ftc.gov or call toll-free, 1-877-FTC-HELP (1-877-382-4357); TTY: 1-866-653-4261. The FTC enters consumer complaints into the Consumer Sentinel Network, a secure online database and investigative tool used by hundreds of civil and criminal law enforcement agencies in the U.S. and abroad.
Mortgage Payments Sending You Reeling? Here’s What to Do
[Note: This article is taken from the Federal Trade Commission Site.]
The possibility of losing your home because you can’t make the mortgage payments can be terrifying. Perhaps you’re having trouble making ends meet because you or a family member lost a job, or you’re having other financial problems. Or maybe you’re one of the many consumers who took out a mortgage that had a fixed rate for the first two or three years and then had an adjustable rate – and you want to know what your payments will be and whether you’ll be able to make them.
Regardless of the reason for your mortgage anxiety, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), the nation’s consumer protection agency, wants you to know how to help save your home, and how to recognize and avoid foreclosure scams.
Know Your Mortgage:
Do you know what kind of mortgage you have? Do you know whether your payments are going to increase? If you can’t tell by reading the mortgage documents you received at settlement, contact your loan servicer and ask. A loan servicer is responsible for collecting your monthly loan payments and crediting your account.
Here are some examples of types of mortgages:
Hybrid Adjustable Rate Mortgages (ARMs): Mortgages that have fixed payments for a few years, and then turn into adjustable loans. Some are called 2/28 or 3/27 hybrid ARMs: the first number refers to the years the loan has a fixed rate and the second number refers to the years the loan has an adjustable rate. Others are 5/1 or 3/1 hybrid ARMs: the first number refers to the years the loan has a fixed rate, and the second number refers to how often the rate changes. In a 3/1 hybrid ARM, for example, the interest rate is fixed for three years, then adjusts every year thereafter.
ARMs: Mortgages that have adjustable rates from the start, which means your payments change over time.Fixed Rate Mortgages: Mortgages where the rate is fixed for the life of the loan; the only change in your payment would result from changes in your taxes and insurance if you have an escrow account with your loan servicer.If you have a hybrid ARM or an ARM and the payments will increase – and you have trouble making the increased payments – find out if you can refinance to a fixed-rate loan. Review your contract first, checking for prepayment penalties. Many ARMs carry prepayment penalties that force borrowers to come up with thousands of dollars if they decide to refinance within the first few years of the loan. If you’re planning to sell soon after your adjustment, refinancing may not be worth the cost. But if you’re planning to stay in your home for a while, a fixed-rate mortgage might be the way to go. Online calculators can help you determine your costs and payments.
If You’re Behind On Your Payments.
If you are having trouble making your payments, contact your loan servicer to discuss your options as early as you can. The longer you wait to call, the fewer options you will have.
Many loan servicers expanded the options available to borrowers during 2008 – it’s worth calling your servicer even if your request has been turned down before. Servicers are getting lots of calls: Be patient, and be persistent if you don’t reach your servicer on the first try.You also may want to ask if you qualify for the “HOPE for Homeowners (H4H)” program. Congress created H4H to help those at risk of default and foreclosure refinance into more affordable, sustainable loans. The program provides a new, 30-year fixed rate mortgage insured by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) if you and your lender agree to certain conditions. The program expires September 30, 2011. For more information, see www.hud.gov/foreclosure.
Avoiding Default and ForeclosureIf you have fallen behind on your payments, consider discussing the following foreclosure prevention options with your loan servicer:Reinstatement: You pay the loan servicer the entire past-due amount, plus any late fees or penalties, by a date you both agree to. This option may be appropriate if your problem paying your mortgage is temporary.
Repayment plan:
Your servicer gives you a fixed amount of time to repay the amount you are behind by adding a portion of what is past due to your regular payment. This option may be appropriate if you’ve missed a small number of payments.
Forbearance:
Your mortgage payments are reduced or suspended for a period you and your servicer agree to. At the end of that time, you resume making your regular payments as well as a lump sum payment or additional partial payments for a number of months to bring the loan current. Forbearance may be an option if your income is reduced temporarily (for example, you are on disability leave from a job, and you expect to go back to your full time position shortly). Forbearance isn’t going to help you if you’re in a home you can’t afford.
Loan modification:
You and your loan servicer agree to permanently change one or more of the terms of the mortgage contract to make your payments more manageable for you. Modifications may include reducing the interest rate, extending the term of the loan, or adding missed payments to the loan balance. A modification also may involve reducing the amount of money you owe on your primary residence by forgiving, or cancelling, a portion of the mortgage debt. Under the Mortgage Forgiveness Debt Relief Act of 2007, the forgiven debt may be excluded from income when calculating the federal taxes you owe, but it still must be reported on your federal tax return. For more information, see www.irs.gov. A loan modification may be necessary if you are facing a long-term reduction in your income or increased payments on an ARM.
Before you ask for forbearance or a loan modification, be prepared to show that you are making a good-faith effort to pay your mortgage. For example, if you can show that you’ve reduced other expenses, your loan servicer may be more likely to negotiate with you.
Selling your home: Depending on the real estate market in your area, selling your home may provide the funds you need to pay off your current mortgage debt in full.
Bankruptcy: Personal bankruptcy generally is considered the debt management option of last resort because the results are long-lasting and far-reaching. A bankruptcy stays on your credit report for 10 years, and can make it difficult to get credit, buy another home, get life insurance, or sometimes, get a job. Still, it is a legal procedure that can offer a fresh start for people who can’t satisfy their debts.If you and your loan servicer cannot agree on a repayment plan or other remedy, you may want to investigate filing Chapter 13 bankruptcy. If you have a regular income, Chapter 13 may allow you to keep property, like a mortgaged house or car, that you might otherwise lose. In Chapter 13, the court approves a repayment plan that allows you to use your future income toward payment of your debts during a three-to-five-year period, rather than surrender the property. After you have made all the payments under the plan, you receive a discharge of certain debts.
To learn more about Chapter 13, visit www.usdoj.gov/ust; it’s the website of the U.S. Trustee Program, the organization within the U.S. Department of Justice that oversees bankruptcy cases and trustees.
If you have a mortgage through the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) or Veterans Administration (VA), you may have other foreclosure alternatives. Contact the FHA (www.fha.gov) or VA (www.homeloans.va.gov) to talk about them.
Contacting Your Loan Servicer Before you have any conversation with your loan servicer, prepare. Record your income and expenses, and calculate the equity in your home. To calculate the equity, estimate the market value less the balance of your first and any second mortgage or home equity loan.
Then, write down the answers to the following questions:
What happened to make you miss your mortgage payment(s)?
Do you have any documents to back up your explanation for falling behind? How have you tried to resolve the problem?Is your problem temporary, long-term, or permanent?What changes in your situation do you see in the short term, and in the long term? What other financial issues may be stopping you from getting back on track with your mortgage?What would you like to see happen?Do you want to keep the home? What type of payment arrangement would be feasible for you?Throughout the foreclosure prevention process: Keep notes of all your communications with the servicer, including date and time of contact, the nature of the contact (face-to-face, by phone, email, fax or postal mail), the name of the representative, and the outcome.Follow up any oral requests you make with a letter to the servicer. Send your letter by certified mail, “return receipt requested,” so you can document what the servicer received. Keep copies of your letter and any enclosures.Meet all deadlines the servicer gives you.Stay in your home during the process, since you may not qualify for certain types of assistance if you move out. Renting your home will change it from a primary residence to an investment property. Most likely, it will disqualify you for any additional “workout” assistance from the servicer. If you choose this route, be sure the rental income is enough to help you get and keep your loan current.
Housing and Credit Counseling You don’t have to go through the foreclosure prevention process alone. A counselor with a housing counseling agency can assess your situation, answer your questions, go over your options, prioritize your debts, and help you prepare for discussions with your loan servicer. Housing counseling services usually are free or low cost.
While some agencies limit their counseling services to homeowners with FHA mortgages, many others offer free help to any homeowner who is having trouble making mortgage payments. Call the local office of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (www.hud.gov) or the housing authority in your state, city, or county for help in finding a legitimate housing counseling agency nearby. Or consider contacting the Homeownership Preservation Foundation (HPF) at 888-995-HOPE or www.hopenow.com. HPF is a nonprofit organization that partners with mortgage companies, local governments, and other organizations to help consumers get loan modifications and prevent foreclosures.
When choosing a counselor, beware of anyone charging large up-front fees or guaranteeing you a loan modification or other solution to stop foreclosure. They shouldn’t be charging you high fees or making any guarantees. Take your business elsewhere.
Consider Giving Up Your Home Without Foreclosure. Not every situation can be resolved through your loan servicer’s foreclosure prevention programs. If you’re not able to keep your home, or if you don’t want to keep it, consider:
Selling Your House:
Your servicers might postpone foreclosure proceedings if you have a pending sales contract or if you put your home on the market. This approach works if proceeds from the sale can pay off the entire loan balance plus the expenses connected to selling the home (for example, real estate agent fees). Such a sale would allow you to avoid late and legal fees and damage to your credit rating, and protect your equity in the property.
Short Sale:
Your servicers may allow you to sell the home yourself before it forecloses on the property, agreeing to forgive any shortfall between the sale price and the mortgage balance. This approach avoids a damaging foreclosure entry on your credit report. Under the Mortgage Forgiveness Debt Relief Act of 2007, the forgiven debt on your primary residence may be excluded from income when calculating the federal taxes you owe, but it still must be reported on your federal tax return. For more information, see www.irs.gov, and consider consulting a financial advisor, accountant, or attorney.
Deed in Lieu of Foreclosure:
You voluntarily transfer your property title to the servicers (with the servicer’s agreement) in exchange for cancellation of the remainder of your debt. Though you lose the home, a deed in lieu of foreclosure can be less damaging to your credit than a foreclosure. You will lose any equity in the property, although under the Mortgage Forgiveness Debt Relief Act of 2007, the forgiven debt on your primary residence may be excluded from income when calculating the federal taxes you owe. However, it still must be reported on your federal tax return. For more information, see www.irs.gov. A deed in lieu of foreclosure may not be an option for you if other loans or obligations are secured by the property on your home.
Be Alert to ScamsScam artists follow the headlines, and know there are homeowners falling behind in their mortgage payments or at risk for foreclosure. Their pitches may sound like a way for you to get out from under, but their intentions are as far from honorable as they can be. They mean to take your money. Among the predatory scams that have been reported are:
The foreclosure prevention specialist: The “specialist” really is a phony counselor who charges high fees in exchange for making a few phone calls or completing some paperwork that a homeowner could easily do for himself. None of the actions results in saving the home. This scam gives homeowners a false sense of hope, delays them from seeking qualified help, and exposes their personal financial information to a fraudster.
Some of these companies even use names with the word HOPE or HOPE NOW in them to confuse borrowers who are looking for assistance from the free 888-995-HOPE hotline.The lease/buy back: Homeowners are deceived into signing over the deed to their home to a scam artist who tells them they will be able to remain in the house as a renter and eventually buy it back. Usually, the terms of this scheme are so demanding that the buy-back becomes impossible, the homeowner gets evicted, and the “rescuer” walks off with most or all of the equity.The bait-and-switch: Homeowners think they are signing documents to bring the mortgage current. Instead, they are signing over the deed to their home. Homeowners usually don’t know they’ve been scammed until they get an eviction notice.For More InformationTo learn more about mortgages and other credit-related issues, visit www.ftc.gov/credit and MyMoney.gov, the U.S. government’s portal to financial education.
The FTC works for the consumer to prevent fraudulent, deceptive, and unfair business practices in the marketplace and to provide information to help consumers spot, stop, and avoid them. To file a complaint or to get free information on consumer issues, visit ftc.gov or call toll-free, 1-877-FTC-HELP (1-877-382-4357); TTY: 1-866-653-4261. The FTC enters consumer complaints into the Consumer Sentinel Network, a secure online database and investigative tool used by hundreds of civil and criminal law enforcement agencies in the U.S. and abroad.
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